Democratic-Republican Party and Related Topics

Federalist Party

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Traditionalist conservative party that was the first political party in the United States.

A portrait of Alexander Hamilton by John Trumbull, 1806

The Apotheosis of Washington as seen looking up from the Capitol rotunda in Washington, D.C.

Gilbert Stuart, John Adams, c. 1800-1815

It controlled the federal government until 1801, when it was overwhelmed by the Democratic-Republican opposition led by President Thomas Jefferson.

James Madison

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American statesman, diplomat, and Founding Father who served as the fourth president of the United States from 1809 to 1817.

Madison at Princeton, portrait by James Sharples

Congressional delegate Madison, age 32 by Charles Willson Peale

page one of the original copy
of the U.S. Constitution

Gouverneur Morris signs the Constitution before George Washington. Madison sits next to Robert Morris, in front of Benjamin Franklin. Painting by John Henry Hintermeister, 1925.

Thomas Jefferson founded the Democratic-Republican Party with Madison.

Montpelier, Madison's tobacco plantation in Virginia

The 1803 Louisiana Purchase totaled 827,987 sqmi, doubling the size of the United States.

James Madison engraving by David Edwin from between 1809 and 1817

USS Constitution defeats HMS Guerriere, a significant event during the war. U.S. nautical victories boosted American morale.

The British set ablaze the U.S. Capital on August 24, 1814.

Portrait of James Madison c. 1821, by Gilbert Stuart

A life-sized statue of Madison at James Madison University.

Due to his support for religious liberty, James Madison (upper left) is honored alongside early U.S. Baptist figures in a stained glass window in National Baptist Memorial Church, Washington, D.C.

During the early 1790s, Madison opposed the economic program and the accompanying centralization of power favored by Secretary of the Treasury Hamilton and organized the Democratic–Republican Party in opposition to Hamilton's Federalist Party.

Thomas Jefferson

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American statesman, diplomat, lawyer, architect, philosopher, and Founding Father who served as the third president of the United States from 1801 to 1809.

Wren Building, College of William & Mary where Jefferson studied

House of Burgesses in Williamsburg, Virginia, where Jefferson served 1769–1775

U.S. Declaration of Independence – 1823 facsimile of the engrossed copy

Governor's Palace, Governor Jefferson's residence in Williamsburg

Independence Hall Assembly Room where Jefferson served in Congress

Portrait of Thomas Jefferson while in London in 1786 at 44 by Mather Brown

Thomas Jefferson in 1791 at 48 by Charles Willson Peale

Jefferson in 1799 at 57, painted by Charles Peale Polk

President Thomas Jefferson Peale 1805 Reproduction

Barbary Coast of North Africa 1806. Left is Morocco at Gibraltar, center is Tunis, and right is Tripoli.

Corps of Discovery, October 1805 (by Charles Marion Russell, 1905)

Black Hoof, leader of the Shawnee, accepted Jefferson's Indian assimilation policies.

1802 portrait of Aaron Burr by John Vanderlyn

HMS Leopard (right) firing upon USS Chesapeake

A political cartoon showing merchants dodging the "Ograbme", which is "Embargo" spelled backwards (1807)

Portrait of Jefferson by Gilbert Stuart, 1821.

The University of Virginia, Jefferson's "Academical Village"

In 1804, Abigail Adams attempted to reconcile Jefferson and Adams.

Lafayette in 1824, portrait by Ary Scheffer, hanging in U.S. House of Representatives

Thomas Jefferson at age 78. Portrait by Thomas Sully hanging at West Point, commissioned by Faculty and Cadets, 1821.

The Jefferson Bible featuring only the words of Jesus from the evangelists, in parallel Greek, Latin, French and English

Treasury Secretary Alexander Hamilton, national bank proponent and Jefferson's adversary

Jefferson's 1795 Farm Book, page 30, lists 163 slaves at Monticello.

Jefferson depicted as a rooster, and Hemings as a hen

Virginia State Capitol, designed by Jefferson (wings added later)

Mount Rushmore National Memorial (left to right): George Washington, Thomas Jefferson, Theodore Roosevelt, and Abraham Lincoln

Thomas Jefferson Memorial Statue, by Rudulph Evans (1947)

alt=Commemorative stone erected at Thomas Jefferson's birthplace in Shadwell, Virginia, on April 13, 1929.|Jefferson's Birthplace

Albert Gallatin Jefferson's Treasury economic architect Stuart 1803

Jefferson and James Madison organized the Democratic-Republican Party to oppose the Federalist Party during the formation of the First Party System.

Portrait by Ralph Eleaser Whiteside Earl, c. undefined 1835

Andrew Jackson

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American lawyer, general, and statesman who served as the seventh president of the United States from 1829 to 1837.

Young Jackson Refusing to Clean Major Coffin's Boots (1876 lithograph)

Notice of reward offered by Jackson for return of an enslaved man

General Andrew Jackson as pictured in Harper's Magazine, Vol 28, "War with the Creek Indians", page 605, 1864

In the Treaty of Fort Jackson, the Muscogee surrendered large parts of present-day Alabama and Georgia.

General Andrew Jackson by John Wesley Jarvis, c. undefined 1819

The Battle of New Orleans. General Andrew Jackson stands on the parapet of his defenses as his troops repulse attacking Highlanders, by painter Edward Percy Moran in 1910.

Jackson at the Battle of New Orleans, painted by Thomas Sully in 1845 from an earlier portrait he had completed from life in 1824

Trial of Robert Ambrister during the Seminole War. Ambrister was one of two British subjects executed by General Jackson. (1848)

Teracotta bust of General Jackson by William Rush, 1819

Jackson in 1824, painted by Thomas Sully

President Andrew Jackson
New York: Ritchie & Co. (1860)

Jackson's Indian Removal Act and subsequent treaties resulted in the forced removal of the major tribes of the Southeast from their traditional territories, many along the Trail of Tears.

William C. Rives, Jackson's Minister to France, successfully negotiated a reparations treaty with France in 1831.

1833 Democratic cartoon shows Jackson destroying the "Devil's Bank"

Richard Lawrence's attempt on Jackson's life, as depicted in an 1835 etching

USS Porpoise (1836), a brig ship laid down in 1835 and launched in May 1836; used in the U.S. Exploring Expedition

A New York newspaper blamed the Panic of 1837 on Andrew Jackson, depicted in spectacles and top hat.

Mezzotint after a Daguerreotype of Jackson by Mathew Brady, April 15, 1845

Tennessee Gentleman, portrait of Jackson, c. 1831, from the collection of The Hermitage

Andrew Jackson as Grand Master of Tennessee, 1822

Equestrian statue of Jackson, Jackson County Courthouse, Kansas City, Missouri, commissioned by Judge Harry S. Truman

The tomb of Andrew and Rachel Jackson located at The Hermitage

He was a member of the Democratic-Republican Party, the dominant party in Tennessee.

John Adams

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American statesman, attorney, diplomat, writer, and Founding Father who served as the second president of the United States from 1797 to 1801.

Adams's birthplace now in Quincy, Massachusetts

Boston Massacre of 1770 by Alonzo Chappel

John Trumbull's Declaration of Independence depicts the Committee of Five presenting its draft to Congress. Adams is depicted in the center with his hand on his hip.

The Assembly Room in Philadelphia's Independence Hall, where the Second Continental Congress adopted the Declaration of Independence

Adams frequently clashed with Benjamin Franklin over how to manage French relations.

Treaty of Paris by Benjamin West (Adams in front).

Portrait of Adams by John Trumbull, 1793

Portrait of George Washington by Gilbert Stuart, 1795. Washington rarely consulted Vice President Adams, who often felt marginalized and overshadowed by Washington's prestige.

President's House, Philadelphia. Adams occupied this Philadelphia mansion from March 1797 to May 1800.

A political cartoon depicts the XYZ Affair – America is a female being plundered by Frenchmen. (1798)

Thomas Jefferson, Adams's vice president, attempted to undermine many of his actions as president and eventually defeated him for reelection.

Alexander Hamilton's desire for high military rank and his push for war with France put him into conflict with Adams.

John Marshall, 4th Chief Justice of the U.S. Supreme Court and one of Adams's few dependable allies

John Adams, c. 1816, by Samuel Morse (Brooklyn Museum)

Tombs of John and Abigail Adams (far) and John Quincy and Louisa Adams (near), in family crypt at United First Parish Church

John Adams by Gilbert Stuart (1823). This portrait was the last made of Adams, done at the request of John Quincy.

During his single term, Adams encountered fierce criticism from the Jeffersonian Republicans and from some in his own Federalist Party, led by his rival Alexander Hamilton.

Adams c. 1843–48, photographed by
Mathew Brady

John Quincy Adams

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American statesman, diplomat, lawyer, and diarist who served as the sixth president of the United States, from 1825 to 1829.

Adams's birthplace in Quincy, Massachusetts

1815 US passport issued by John Quincy Adams at London.

Painting of John Quincy Adams by Thomas Sully, 1824

In the Adams–Onís Treaty, the United States acquired Florida and set the western border of the 1803 Louisiana Purchase.

General Andrew Jackson, Adams's opponent in the 1824 and 1828 United States presidential elections

Painting of Quincy Adams by Charles Osgood, 1828

Quincy Adams appointed Henry Clay as Secretary of State

Daguerreotype of Quincy Adams by Philip Haas, 1843

Portrait of Quincy Adams by William Hudson, 1844

John Quincy Adams, c. 1840s, Unknown author

BEP engraved portrait of Adams as president

Adams's portrait at the U.S. National Portrait Gallery by George Bingham c. 1850 copy of an 1844 original

Adams's cenotaph at the Congressional Cemetery

John Quincy Adams's original tomb at Hancock Cemetery, across the street from United First Parish Church

Presidential Dollar of John Quincy Adams

Official portrait of Adams by George Peter Alexander Healy, c. 1858

Tombs of Presidents John Adams (far left) and John Quincy Adams (right) and their wives Abigail and Louisa, in a family crypt beneath the United First Parish Church.

Initially a Federalist like his father, he won election to the presidency as a member of the Democratic-Republican Party, and in the mid-1830s became affiliated with the Whig Party.

Portrait by Samuel Morse, c. undefined 1819

James Monroe

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American statesman, lawyer, diplomat and Founding Father who served as the fifth president of the United States from 1817 to 1825.

Marker designating the site of James Monroe's birthplace in Monroe Hall, Virginia

The Capture of the Hessians at Trenton, December 26, 1776, by John Trumbull, showing Captain William Washington, with a wounded hand, on the right and Lt. Monroe, severely wounded and helped by Dr. John Riker, left of center, behind the mortally wounded Hessian Colonel Johann Gottlieb Rall. Rall is being helped by American Major William Stephens Smith

The earliest preserved portrait of James Monroe as Minister Plenipotentiary to France in 1794

Portrait of Secretary Monroe by John Vanderlyn, c. 1816

Map showing the results of the Adams–Onís Treaty of 1819

Portrait of President Monroe by Gilbert Stuart, c. 1820-1822

Monroe once owned a farm at the location of the University of Virginia in Charlottesville

Monroe in a 1829 portrait by Chester Harding

A member of the Democratic-Republican Party, Monroe was the last president of the Virginia dynasty and the Republican Generation; his presidency coincided with the Era of Good Feelings, concluding the First Party System era of American politics.

George Clinton (vice president)

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American soldier and statesman, considered one of the Founding Fathers of the United States.

Clinton's pew, St. Paul's Chapel in New York City

Gubernatorial portrait of George Clinton, by Ezra Ames

The grave monument of George Clinton in Kingston, New York

A prominent Democratic-Republican, Clinton served as the fourth vice president of the United States from 1805 until his death in 1812.

John Quincy Adams, the 6th president, became a Whig congressman later in his career.

Whig Party (United States)

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Political party that espoused traditionalist conservatism in the United States during the middle of the 19th century.

Henry Clay, a founder of the Whig Party in the 1830s and its 1844 presidential nominee

Daniel Webster, a leading Whig from New England

William Henry Harrison, a two-time presidential candidate who became the first Whig president in 1841 but died just one month into office

William Henry Harrison defeated Martin Van Buren in the 1840 presidential election, thereby becoming the first Whig president

President John Tyler clashed with congressional Whigs and was expelled from the party.

Zachary Taylor served in the Mexican-American War and later won the 1848 presidential election as the Whig nominee.

The United States settled the Texas-Mexico border and acquired portions of seven current states in the Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo. Portions of present-day Arizona and New Mexico were later acquired in the 1853 Gadsden Purchase.

A political cartoon satirizing the candidacy of either Zachary Taylor or Winfield Scott in the 1848 presidential election

Millard Fillmore, the last Whig president

Gen. Winfield Scott, the unsuccessful Whig candidate in the 1852 presidential election

John J. Crittenden, an influential Whig leader who later established the short-lived Constitutional Union Party to contest the election of 1860

U.S. presidential election results from 1828 to 1852. Darker shades of blue indicate states that generally voted for the Democratic Party, while darker shades of yellow/brown indicate states that generally voted for the Whig or National Republican Party.

Charles Sumner, an anti-slavery "Conscience Whig" who later joined the Republican Party

Edward Everett, a pro-South "Cotton Whig"

Abraham Lincoln, a former Whig congressman, won the 1860 presidential election on the Republican ticket.

John Marshall Harlan, who began his career as a Whig officeholder, served on the Supreme Court from 1877 to 1911.

The Whigs had some weak links to the defunct Federalist Party, but the Whig Party was not a direct successor to that party and many Whig leaders, including Henry Clay, had aligned with the rival Democratic-Republican Party.

Electoral votes, out of 538, allocated to each state and the District of Columbia for presidential elections to be held in 2024 and 2028, based on representation, which depends on population data from the 2020 census. Every jurisdiction is entitled to at least 3.

United States Electoral College

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Group of presidential electors required by the Constitution to form every four years for the sole purpose of appointing the president and vice president.