A report on Doctor of Philosophy

A group of new PhD graduates with their professors
A new PhD graduate from the University of Birmingham, wearing a doctor's bonnet, shakes hands with the Chancellor
A Yale University PhD diploma from 1861.
A South African PhD graduate (on right, wearing ceremonial gown)
PhD gown, University of Cambridge
PhD SPbSU certificate

Most common degree at the highest academic level awarded following a course of study.

- Doctor of Philosophy
A group of new PhD graduates with their professors

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American academic doctors gather before the commencement exercises at Brigham Young University (April 2008). The American code for academic dress identifies academic doctors with three bands of velvet on the sleeve of the doctoral gown.

Doctorate

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Academic degree awarded by universities and some other educational institutions, derived from the ancient formalism licentia docendi ("licence to teach").

Academic degree awarded by universities and some other educational institutions, derived from the ancient formalism licentia docendi ("licence to teach").

American academic doctors gather before the commencement exercises at Brigham Young University (April 2008). The American code for academic dress identifies academic doctors with three bands of velvet on the sleeve of the doctoral gown.
Cover of the thesis presented by Claude Bernard to obtain his Doctor of Medicine degree (1843)
The ancient ceremony of bestowing Complutense's Doctoral biretta.
Traditionally, the friends of a new doctor honored him painting a victor on the walls (in this case, the Seville Cathedral).
Ph.D. Gown, University of Cambridge
In 1861, Yale University awarded the first Doctor of Philosophy (Ph.D.) degree in the United States.

There are a number of doctoral degrees; the most common is the Doctor of Philosophy (PhD), awarded in many different fields, ranging from the humanities to scientific disciplines.

Meeting of doctors at the University of Paris (16th-century miniature)

Academic degree

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Qualification awarded to students upon successful completion of a course of study in higher education, usually at a college or university.

Qualification awarded to students upon successful completion of a course of study in higher education, usually at a college or university.

Meeting of doctors at the University of Paris (16th-century miniature)
Spanish Official University Education Legal Framework 02
Spanish Official University Education Legal Framework 01
The newly conferred bachelor's degree holders after graduation at King's College London, one of the founding colleges of the University of London

This led to the modern hierarchy in which the Doctor of Philosophy (Ph.D.), which in its present form as a degree based on research and dissertation is a development from 18th- and 19th-century German universities, is a more advanced degree than the Master of Arts (M.A.).

Master's degree

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Academic degree awarded by universities or colleges upon completion of a course of study demonstrating mastery or a high-order overview of a specific field of study or area of professional practice.

Academic degree awarded by universities or colleges upon completion of a course of study demonstrating mastery or a high-order overview of a specific field of study or area of professional practice.

In the US, the revival of master's degrees as an examined qualification began in 1856 at the University of North Carolina, followed by the University of Michigan in 1859, although the idea of a master's degree as an earned second degree was not well established until the 1870s, alongside the PhD as the terminal degree.

Former Vassar president Catharine Bond Hill wearing doctoral robes. She has a doctorate and can thus carry the title of "Doctor".

Doctor (title)

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Academic title that originates from the Latin word of the same spelling and meaning.

Academic title that originates from the Latin word of the same spelling and meaning.

Former Vassar president Catharine Bond Hill wearing doctoral robes. She has a doctorate and can thus carry the title of "Doctor".
An Ancient Greek Marble Consecration Relief to a Heroic Doctor
A doctor receiving her PhD degree during a graduation ceremony.

Contracted "Dr" or "Dr.", it is used as a designation for a person who has obtained a doctorate (commonly a PhD).

Doctor of Science

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Academic research degree awarded in a number of countries throughout the world.

Academic research degree awarded in a number of countries throughout the world.

In some countries, "Doctor of Science" is the degree used for the standard doctorate in the sciences; elsewhere the Sc.D. is a "higher doctorate" awarded in recognition of a substantial and sustained contribution to scientific knowledge beyond that required for a Doctor of Philosophy (PhD).

Cover page of a licentiate dissertation from Sweden

Licentiate (degree)

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Academic degree present in many countries, representing different educational levels.

Academic degree present in many countries, representing different educational levels.

Cover page of a licentiate dissertation from Sweden

The licentiate was formerly awarded in Denmark and Norway, and was roughly equal to the American PhD degree.

Laurea

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Main post-secondary academic degree.

Main post-secondary academic degree.

This is in contrast with the convention in countries where the title of doctor is restricted to holders of a PhD (or in some cases to medical doctors).

Medical doctors per 1,000 people in 2018.

Doctor of Medicine

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Medical degree, the meaning of which varies between different jurisdictions.

Medical degree, the meaning of which varies between different jurisdictions.

Medical doctors per 1,000 people in 2018.
The thesis presented by Claude Bernard to obtain his doctorate of medicine (1843)
The University of Freiburg Faculty of Medicine

Historically, Australian medical schools have followed the British tradition by conferring the degrees of Bachelor of Medicine and Bachelor of Surgery (MBBS) to its graduates whilst reserving the title of Doctor of Medicine (MD) for their research training degree, analogous to the PhD, or for their higher or honorary doctorates.

Jill Biden

Doctor of Education

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The Doctor of Education (Ed.D. or D.Ed.; Latin Educationis Doctor or Doctor Educationis) is (depending on region and university) a research or professional doctoral degree that focuses on the field of education.

The Doctor of Education (Ed.D. or D.Ed.; Latin Educationis Doctor or Doctor Educationis) is (depending on region and university) a research or professional doctoral degree that focuses on the field of education.

Jill Biden
Ruth Westheimer

The first Doctor of Philosophy (PhD) degree in the field of education was granted at Teachers College, Columbia University in 1893.

Doctor of Juridical Science

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Doctor of Juridical Science, Doctor of the Science of Law, (in Latin) Scientiae Juridicae Doctor (S.J.D.) or Juridicae Scientiae Doctor (J.S.D.), is a research doctorate in law equivalent to the more commonly awarded research doctorate, the Ph.D.