Drupe and Related Topics

Fruit

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Seed-bearing structure in flowering plants that is formed from the ovary after flowering.

Caraway fruits. A common mistake is to call these and similar ones "seeds".

Pomegranate display of the exocarp (right) and seeds and edible sarcotesta (left)

An arrangement of fruits commonly thought of as culinary vegetables, including corn (maize), tomatoes, and various squash

The development sequence of a typical drupe, the nectarine (Prunus persica) over a 7.5 month period, from bud formation in early winter to fruit ripening in midsummer (see [[:File:Nectarine Fruit Development.jpg|image page]] for further information)

The parts of a flower, showing the stigma-style-ovary system.

An apple is a simple fleshy fruit. Key parts are the epicarp, or exocarp, or outer skin, (not labelled); and the mezocarp and endocarp (labelled).

Insertion point: There are 3 positions of insertion of the ovary at the base of a flower: I superior; II half-inferior; III inferior. The 'insertion point' is where the androecium parts (a), the petals (p), and the sepals (s) all converge and attach to the receptacle (r). (Ovary= gynoecium (g).)

In the noni, flowers are produced in time-sequence along the stem. It is possible to see a progression of flowering, fruit development, and fruit ripening.

Dewberry flowers. Note the multiple pistils, each of which will produce a drupelet. Each flower will become a blackberry-like aggregate fruit.

A dry simple fruit: milkweed (Asclepias syriaca); dehiscence of the follicular fruit reveals seeds within.

Fruits of four different banana cultivars (Bananas are berries.)

Strawberry, showing achenes attached to surface. Botanically, strawberries are not berries; they are classified as an aggregate accessory fruit.

Flower of Magnolia × wieseneri showing the many pistils making up the gynoecium in the middle of the flower. The fruit of this flower is an aggregation of follicles.

Detail of the raspberry flower: there is a clustering of pistils at the center of the flower. (A pistil consists of stigma, style, and ovary.) The stigma is the apical (at the apex) nodule that receives pollen; the style is the stem-like column that extends down to the ovary, which is the basal part that contains the seed-forming ovule.

Lilium unripe capsule fruit; an aggregate fruit.

The fruit of a pineapple includes tissue from the sepals as well as the pistils of many flowers. It is a multiple-accessory fruit.

Comparing fresh fruits for fiber, potassium (K), and vitamin C. Each disk-point refers to a 100 g serving of the fresh fruit named. The size of the disk represents the amount of fiber (as percentage of the recommended daily allowance, RDA) in a serving of fruit (see key at upper right). The amount of vitamin C (as percent RDA) is plotted on the x–axis and the amount of potassium (K), in mg on the y–axis. + Bananas are high in value for fiber and potassium, and oranges for fiber and vitamin C. (Apricots are highest in potassium; strawberries are rich in vitamin C.) Watermelon, providing low levels of both K and vitamin C and almost no fiber, is of least value for the three nutrients together.

Porcelain vine is usually planted for its showy, colourful berries.

As the ovules develop into seeds, the ovary begins to ripen and the ovary wall, the pericarp, may become fleshy (as in berries or drupes), or it may form a hard outer covering (as in nuts).

Longitudinal section of a female flower of a squash plant (courgette), showing the ovary, ovules, pistil and petals

Fruit anatomy

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Plant anatomy of the internal structure of fruit.

Diagram of a typical drupe (peach), showing both fruit and seed

A schematic picture of an orange hesperidium

A segment of an orange that has been opened to show the pulp (juice vesicles) of the endocarp

The types of fleshy fruits are berries, pomes, and drupes.

Seed

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Embryonic plant enclosed in a protective outer covering, along with a food reserve.

Plant ovules: Gymnosperm ovule on left, angiosperm ovule (inside ovary) on right

The inside of a Ginkgo seed, showing a well-developed embryo, nutritive tissue (megagametophyte), and a bit of the surrounding seed coat

The parts of an avocado seed (a dicot), showing the seed coat and embryo

Diagram of the internal structure of a dicot seed and embryo: (a) seed coat, (b) endosperm, (c) cotyledon, (d) hypocotyl

Diagram of a generalized dicot seed (1) versus a generalized monocot seed (2). A. Scutellum B. Cotyledon C. Hilum D. Plumule E. Radicle F. Endosperm

Comparison of monocotyledons and dicotyledons

A collection of various vegetable and herb seeds

Dandelion seeds are contained within achenes, which can be carried long distances by the wind.

The seed pod of milkweed (Asclepias syriaca)

Microbial transmission from seed to seedling

Phaseolus vulgaris (common bean or green bean) seeds are diverse in size, shape, and color.

Different groups of plants have other modifications, the so-called stone fruits (such as the peach) have a hardened fruit layer (the endocarp) fused to and surrounding the actual seed.

Redcurrants, a type of berry derived from a simple (one-carpel) inferior ovary

Berry (botany)

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Kiwifruit, a berry derived from a compound (many carpellate) superior ovary

Diagram of a grape berry, showing the pericarp and its layers

Coffee cherries (Coffea arabica) – described as drupes or berries

Cross-section of a cucumber pepo (Cucumis sativus)

Some fruits classified as bacca (berries) by Gaertner (De Fructibus et Seminibus Plantarum, Tab. 28)

Flowers and berries of Cestrum tomentosum

A type of sapote fruit displayed for sale (Quararibea cordata)

Bottle gourd or calabash used to contain palm wine in Bandundu Province, Democratic Republic of the Congo

Mandarins, here served in a Hong Kong restaurant, are among the oldest cultivated citrus fruits.

In botany, a berry is a fleshy fruit without a stone (pit) produced from a single flower containing one ovary.

Chestnuts are both botanical and culinary nuts.

Nut (fruit)

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Fruit consisting of a hard or tough nutshell protecting a kernel which is usually edible.

Some common "culinary nuts": hazelnuts, which are also botanical nuts; Brazil nuts, which are not botanical nuts, but rather the seeds of a capsule; and walnuts, pecans, and almonds (which are not botanical nuts, but rather the seeds of drupes)

Also widely known as nuts are dry drupes, which include pecans (Carya illinoensis), almonds (Prunus amygdalus), macadamia (Macadamia integrifolia), candlenut (Aleurites moluccanus), water caltrop (Trapa bicornis) and walnuts (Juglans regia).

Diagram of a typical drupe, in this case a peach, illustrating the layers of both the fruit and the seed; the pyrene is the hardened endocarp which encloses the seed

Pyrena

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A pyrena or pyrene (commonly called a "pit" or "stone") is the fruitstone within a drupe or drupelet produced by the ossification of the endocarp or lining of the fruit.

Prunus

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Genus of trees and shrubs, which includes the fruits plums, cherries, peaches, nectarines, apricots, and almonds.

Japanese cherry (Prunus serrulata) blossoms

The development sequence of a nectarine (P. persica) over a 7.5-month period, from bud formation in early winter to fruit ripening in midsummer

Prunus fruit are drupes, or stone fruits.

Peach

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Deciduous tree first domesticated and cultivated in Zhejiang province of Eastern China.

Dried date, peach, apricot, and stones from Lahun, Fayum, Egypt, Late Middle Kingdom, Petrie Museum of Egyptian Archaeology, London

A peach flower with a bee pollinating it

The developmental sequence of a nectarine over a 7 1⁄2-month period, from bud formation in early winter to fruit ripening in midsummer

Pierre-Auguste Renoir, A Still Life Painting of Peaches, 1881–82

Peach (cultivar 'Berry') – watercolour, 1895

Claude Monet, A Jar of Peaches, {{circa|1866}}

Peaches at a roadside stand in South Carolina

Peaches, along with cherries, plums, and apricots, are stone fruits (drupes).

Longitudinal section of female flower of squash showing pistil (=ovary+style+stigma), ovules, and petals. The petals and sepals are above the ovary; such a flower is said to have an inferior ovary, or the flower is said to be epigynous.

Ovary (botany)

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Ovary is a part of the female reproductive organ of the flower or gynoecium.

Simple fruits are derived from one ovary of a single flower, while aggregate fruits are derived from many ovaries of one flower. Differently, a multiple fruit is derived from multiple ovaries each from their own individual flowers.

The orange is a simple fruit called a hesperidium. It is the mature ovary of a single orange blossom. Though it seems to have sections when cut open, all of these sections together come from a single ovary that develops into different layers.

The raspberry is an aggregate fruit. Each raspberry develops from one flower, but its flower has many ovaries that become the small circular drupes making up the raspberry. There is a seed in each drupe.Longitudinal_section_of_raspberry_flower.gif

The pineapple is a multiple fruit. Each of the purple spikes in this picture are a separate flower, so the whole structure is an inflorescence. This means that the small sections of a pineapple are each a fruit that develop from a separate ovary, and together they make up a multiple fruit.

Ovary insertion: I superior II half-inferior III inferior. a androecium g gynoecium p petals s sepals r receptacle. The insertion point is where a, p, and s converge.

The syncarpous ovary of this melon is made up of four carpels, and has one locule.

In this Peganum harmala, the ovary of a fruit has split into valves.

The seeds in a tomato fruit grow from placental areas at the interior of the ovary. (This is axile placentation in a bi-locular fruit.)

The placentae in Lunaria are along the margins of the fruit, where two carpels fuse. (This is parietal placentation in a bi-locular fruit.)

The valves of Lunaria fruit fall to reveal a septum that was between the two carpels of the ovary.

Further complicating this, culinary nuts are not always botanical nuts; some culinary nuts such as the coconut and almond are another type of fruit called a drupe.