A report on East Africa

Image of the region between Lake Victoria (on the right) and Lakes Edward, Kivu and Tanganyika (from north to south) showing dense vegetation (bright green) and fires (red).
The Bab-el-Mandeb crossing in the Red Sea: now some 12 miles (20 km) wide, narrower in prehistory.
Early Iron Age findings in East and Southern Africa
Map of British East Africa in 1911

Eastern subregion of the African continent.

- East Africa
Image of the region between Lake Victoria (on the right) and Lakes Edward, Kivu and Tanganyika (from north to south) showing dense vegetation (bright green) and fires (red).

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Democratic Republic of the Congo

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Country in Central Africa.

Country in Central Africa.

View of Leopoldville Station and Port in 1884
1908 photograph of a married Christian couple.
Force Publique soldiers in the Belgian Congo in 1918. At its peak, the Force Publique had around 19,000 Congolese soldiers, led by 420 Belgian officers.
The leader of ABAKO, Joseph Kasa-Vubu, first democratically elected President of Congo-Léopoldville
Patrice Lumumba, first democratically elected Prime Minister of the Congo-Léopoldville, was murdered by Belgian-supported Katangan separatists in 1961
Mobutu Sese Seko and Richard Nixon in Washington, D.C., 1973.
Mobutu with the Dutch Prince Bernhard in Kinshasa in 1973
Belligerents of the Second Congo War
Refugees in the Congo
People fleeing their villages due to fighting between FARDC and rebel groups, North Kivu, 2012
Government troops near Goma during the M23 rebellion in May 2013
DR Congo's President Félix Tshisekedi with neighbouring Congolese President Denis Sassou Nguesso in 2020; both wear face masks due to the ongoing COVID-19 pandemic.
The map of the Democratic Republic of the Congo
Democratic Republic of the Congo map of Köppen climate classification
Ituri Rainforest
Mount Nyiragongo, which last erupted in 2021.
Salonga National Park.
Masisi Territory
Lake Kivu in North Kivu province
Bas-Congo landscape
An Okapi
A male western gorilla
Hippopotami
Joseph Kabila was President of the Democratic Republic of the Congo from January 2001 to January 2019.
President Joseph Kabila with U.S. President Barack Obama in August 2014
FARDC soldiers on patrol in Ituri province
A group of demobilized child soldiers in the Democratic Republic of the Congo
A proportional representation of Democratic Republic of the Congo exports, 2019
Change in per capita GDP of Congo, 1950–2018. Figures are inflation-adjusted to 2011 International dollars.
Rough diamonds ≈1 to 1.5 mm in size from DR Congo.
DR Congo's Human Development Index scores, 1970–2010.
Collecting firewood in Basankusu.
Train from Lubumbashi arriving in Kindu on a newly refurbished line.
Map of rail network
Major Bantu languages in the Congo
Kongo youth and adults in Kinshasa, Democratic Republic of Congo
Amani festival in Goma
Family in Rutshuru, North Kivu, Democratic Republic of the Congo
The population pyramid of the Democratic Republic of the Congo
Our Lady of Peace Cathedral in Bukavu
A classroom in the Democratic Republic of the Congo.
Development of life expectancy in the Democratic Republic of the Congo
Population fleeing their villages due to fighting between FARDC and rebels groups, Sake North Kivu 30 April 2012
A Hemba male statue
Stade des Martyrs in Kinshasa.
The Sts. Peter and Paul Cathedral, Lubumbashi

Islam has been present in the Democratic Republic of the Congo since the 18th century, when Arab traders from East Africa pushed into the interior for ivory- and slave-trading purposes.

Comoros

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Independent country located in southern Africa, at the northern end of the Mozambique Channel off the eastern coast of Africa.

Independent country located in southern Africa, at the northern end of the Mozambique Channel off the eastern coast of Africa.

A large dhow with lateen sail rigs
A vanilla plantation
French map of the Comores, 1747
An 1808 map refers to the islands as "Camora".
A public square, Moroni, 1908
Flag of the Comoros (1963 to 1975)
Flag of the Comoros (1975 to 1978)
Ikililou Dhoinine, President of Comoros from 2011 to 2016
A map of the Comoros
Grande Comore landscape
Comoros diver with fish
Moroni, capital of the Comoros, with the port and Badjanani Mosque
GDP per capita development, since 1950
A proportional representation of Comoros' economy, 2019
A mosque in Moroni
A view of Domoni, Anjouan including mosque
Villagers in Bangwa Kuuni, Ngazidja

The Comoros was probably first settled by Austronesians subsequently followed by Bantu speakers from East Africa along with Arabs.

Membership of ECCAS

Central Africa

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Subregion of the African continent comprising various countries according to different definitions.

Subregion of the African continent comprising various countries according to different definitions.

Membership of ECCAS
Congo Basin
The Kanem and Bornu Empires in 1810
Abéché, capital of Wadai, in 1918 after the French had taken over
Lunda town and dwelling
Kongo in 1711
French explorer Paul Du Chaillu confirmed the existence of Pygmy peoples of central Africa
Fishing in Central Africa
UN Macroregion of Central Africa
Art from Cameroon
ECCAS/CEMAC state, part of Middle Africa
ECCAS state, part of Middle Africa
ECCAS state only

These states are now typically considered part of East or Southern Africa.

Madagascar

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A Köppen climate classification map of Madagascar
Biogeographic timetable of Madagascar over the last 200 million years
The ring-tailed lemur is one of over 100 known species and subspecies of lemur found only in Madagascar.
Malagasy ancestry reflects a blend of Southeast Asian and Bantu (East African) roots.
European contact began in 1500 when Portuguese explorer Diogo Dias recorded the island while participating in the 2nd Portuguese India Armadas.
Matatana, represented in a picture of 1613, regarding a settlement of the beginning of the 16th century, in the Book of Humberto Leitão"
King Andrianampoinimerina (1787–1810)
A French poster about the Franco-Hova War
National monument in Moramanga commemorating the beginning of the Malagasy Uprising on 29 March 1947. Between 11,000 and 90,000 Malagasy died during the uprising which lasted nearly two years.
Philibert Tsiranana, the first president of Madagascar (1960-72).
Antananarivo is the political and economic capital of Madagascar.
Madagascar's President Andry Rajoelina
A map of Madagascar's regions
A proportional representation of Madagascar's exports in 2019
Historical change in per capita GDP of Madagascar since 1950
Nosy Iranja is one of the international tourism destinations in Madagascar
Toy animals made from raffia, a native palm
A news stand in Antananarivo
Education access and quality were prioritized under Ravalomanana.
The regional distribution of Malagasy ethnic subgroups
A Malagasy child
Faravohitra Catholic Church in Antananarivo
A Hiragasy dancer.
Moraingy is a traditional martial art of Madagascar.
Catholic cathedral in Antsirabe

The Republic of Madagascar (Repoblikan'i Madagasikara, ; République de Madagascar), or Madagascar (Madagasikara) (and previously known as the Malagasy Republic), is an island country in the Indian Ocean, approximately 250 miles off the coast of East Africa across the Mozambique Channel.

Djibouti

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Country in the Horn of Africa, bordered by Somalia to the south, Ethiopia to the southwest, Eritrea in the north, and the Red Sea and the Gulf of Aden to the east.

Country in the Horn of Africa, bordered by Somalia to the south, Ethiopia to the southwest, Eritrea in the north, and the Red Sea and the Gulf of Aden to the east.

Geometric design pottery found in Asa Koma
Prehistoric rock art and tombs in Djibouti
Queen Ati, wife of King Perahu of Punt, as depicted on Pharaoh Hatshepsut's temple at Deir el-Bahri
Approximate extension of the Kingdom of Adal
The Ifat Sultanate's realm in the 14th century
The Sultan of Adal (right) and his troops battling King Yagbea-Sion and his men
The Ottoman Eyalet in 1566
Map of the French Somali Coast and neighboring regions in 1870
Referendum demonstration in Djibouti in 1967
An aerial view of Djibouti City, the capital of Djibouti
The Front de Libération de la Côte des Somalis (FLCS)
Ahmed Dini Ahmed proclaiming the Djibouti Declaration of Independence on 27 June 1977
President of Djibouti, Ismaïl Omar Guelleh
Abdoulkader Kamil Mohamed, Prime Minister of Djibouti
The Djibouti National Assembly in Djibouti City
Maryama base during a martial exercise in the Arta Region
Grand Bara desert in 2017
A map of Djibouti's regions
Djibouti map of Köppen climate classification.
The Djibouti francolin, a critically endangered species living only in Djibouti
Plant species on the Forêt du Day National Park
Djibouti GDP by sector
A proportional representation of Djibouti's exports
Djibouti's gross domestic product expanded by an average of more than 6 percent per year, from US$341 million in 1985 to US$1.5 billion in 2015
Main Terminal at Djibouti–Ambouli International Airport
The Djibouti Telecom headquarters in Djibouti City
Arta Plage on the Gulf of Tadjoura
Entrance to the ISSS Faculty of Medicine in Djibouti City
Djiboutian women participating in the Global Pulse educational initiative (2010)
Traditional wood-carved jar from Oue'a in the Tadjourah region
The oud is a common instrument in traditional Djibouti music.
El Hadj Hassan Gouled Aptidon Stadium in Djibouti City
A plate of sambusas, a popular traditional snack
Lake Assal
Traditional houses on the Mabla Mountains
Lake Abbe
The mountains near Dasbiyo
thumb|Beach south of Djibouti City, overlooking the Gulf of Aden
General Paul Legentilhomme in French Somaliland, 1939 or 1940

The Bab-el-Mandeb region has often been considered a primary crossing point for early hominins following a southern coastal route from East Africa to South and Southeast Asia.

Eritrea

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Deka Rock Art in Deka Arbaa, Debub region of Eritrea dated to 100,000 years ago
Pre-Axumite monolithic columns in Qohaito
Bronze oil lamp excavated at Matara, dating from the Kingdom of Dʿmt (first century BC or earlier)
Bahta Hagos was an important leader of the Eritrean resistance to foreign domination, specifically against northern Ethiopian and Italian colonialism.
Postcard of the Carabinieri sent from Italian Eritrea in 1907
Piazza Roma in Italian Asmara
Eritrean War of Independence against Ethiopia 1961–1991
A view over Asmara
Map of Eritrea
The Dahlak Archipelago
Pelicans in a pond near Asmara
Eritrean landscape near road to Massawa
President Isaias Afewerki with U.S. Secretary of Defense Donald Rumsfeld, December 2002
The 23d ISCOE East Africa Conference in Asmara in 2019
Independence Day is one of the most important public holidays in Eritrea.
A map of Eritrea regions. 1.Northern Red Sea, 2.Anseba, 3.Gash-Barka, 4.Central (to right), 5.Southern, 6.Southern Red Sea
Eritrean mountain road
Steam train outside Asmara on the Eritrean Railway
Eritrea's main exports, 2013
A woman and a man in Barentu wearing traditional clothes
Population pyramid of Eritrea 2016
Building of regional administration in Asmara
Asmara, Eritrea in 2015
Traditional Eritrean agudo/tukul huts in a village near Barentu
The Eritrea Institute of Technology
Eritrean pupils in uniform
Eritrean injera with various stews
Eritrean artist Helen Meles
Tour of Eritrea cycling competition in Asmara, Eritrea.

Eritrea, officially the State of Eritrea, is a country in the Horn of Africa region of Eastern Africa, with its capital and largest city at Asmara.

Swahili coast

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Map of Indian Ocean trade
Stone Town is the Zanzibar Archipelago's main city
Swahili is grouped in the Bantu language family (orange)
Houses are often decorated with carved door frames

The Swahili coast (الساحل السواحلي) is a coastal area of the Indian Ocean in East Africa inhabited by the Swahili people.

A composite satellite image of Southern Africa

Southern Africa

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Southernmost subregion of the African continent, south of the Congo and Tanzania.

Southernmost subregion of the African continent, south of the Congo and Tanzania.

A composite satellite image of Southern Africa
Waterfall in the Witwatersrand region near Johannesburg
Sandton, Johannesburg, the financial centre of South Africa
Southern Africa (UN subregion and the SACU)
Geographical Southern Africa, including the UN subregion
Southern African Development Community (SADC)
United Nations geoscheme for Africa
Eastern Africa
Middle Africa
Northern Africa
Southern Africa
Western Africa

However, the United Nations geoscheme for Africa includes the Comoros, Madagascar, Malawi, Mauritius, Mayotte, Mozambique, Réunion, the Scattered Islands in the Indian Ocean (as a part of the French Southern Territories), Zambia, and Zimbabwe in Eastern Africa, Angola in Middle Africa (aka Central Africa), and Saint Helena, Ascension and Tristan da Cunha (under the name Saint Helena) in Western Africa instead.

The Namara inscription, an Arabic epitaph of Imru' al-Qais, son of "Amr, king of all the Arabs", inscribed in Nabataean script. Basalt, dated in 7 Kislul, 223, viz. 7 December 328 CE. Found at Nimreh in the Hauran (Southern Syria).

Arabs

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The Arabs (singular Arab ; singular عَرَبِيٌّ, DIN 31635:, , plural عَرَب, DIN 31635 : , Arabic pronunciation: ), also known as the Arab people, are a large ethnic group mainly inhabiting the Arab world in Western Asia, North Africa, the Horn of Africa, and the western Indian Ocean islands (including the Comoros).

The Arabs (singular Arab ; singular عَرَبِيٌّ, DIN 31635:, , plural عَرَب, DIN 31635 : , Arabic pronunciation: ), also known as the Arab people, are a large ethnic group mainly inhabiting the Arab world in Western Asia, North Africa, the Horn of Africa, and the western Indian Ocean islands (including the Comoros).

The Namara inscription, an Arabic epitaph of Imru' al-Qais, son of "Amr, king of all the Arabs", inscribed in Nabataean script. Basalt, dated in 7 Kislul, 223, viz. 7 December 328 CE. Found at Nimreh in the Hauran (Southern Syria).
Traditional Qahtanite genealogy
Nabataean trade routes in Pre-Islamic Arabia.
Assyrian relief depicting battle with camel riders, from Kalhu (Nimrud) Central Palace, Tiglath Pileser III, 728 BCE, British Museum
Arab soldier (Old Persian cuneiform: 𐎠𐎼𐎲𐎠𐎹, Arabāya) of the Achaemenid army, circa 480 BCE. Xerxes I tomb relief.
Life-size bronze bust sculpture of historian Ibn Khaldun.
Façade of Al Khazneh in Petra, Jordan, built by the Nabateans.
The ruins of Palmyra. The Palmyrenes were a mix of Arabs, Amorites and Arameans.
Fragment of a wall painting showing a Kindite king, 1st century CE
The Near East in 565, showing the Lakhmids and their neighbors
The imperial province of Arabia Petraea in 117–138 CE
Age of the Caliphs
Tombstone of Muhammad (Left), Abu Bakr and Umar (right), Medina, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia.
The Great Mosque of Kairouan in Kairouan, Tunisia was founded in 670 by the Arab general Uqba ibn Nafi; it is the oldest mosque in the Maghreb and represents an architectural testimony of the Arab conquest of North Africa
The Umayyad Mosque in Damascus, built in 715, is one of the oldest, largest and best preserved mosques in the world
The Dome of the Rock in Jerusalem, constructed during the reign of Abd al Malik
Mustansiriya University in Baghdad
Scholars at an Abbasid library in Baghdad. Maqamat of al-Hariri Illustration, 123.
Harun al-Rashid receiving a delegation sent by Charlemagne
Al-Azhar Mosque, commissioned by the Fatimid Caliph Al-Mu'izz for the newly established capital city of Cairo in 969
Arabesque pattern behind hunters on ivory plaque, 11th–12th century, Egypt
Soldiers of the Arab Army in the Arabian Desert carrying the Flag of the Arab Revolt
A map of the Arab world
The Near East in 565, showing the Ghassanids, Lakhmids, Kinda and Hejaz
Arabian tribes before the spread of Islam
Post-card of Emir Mejhem ibn Meheid, chief of the Anaza tribe near Aleppo with his sons after being decorated with the Croix de Légion d'honneur on 20 September 1920
Old Bedouin man and his wife in Egypt, 1918
Commander and Amir of Mascara, Banu Hilal
Population density of the Arab world in 2008.
An overview of the different Arabic dialects
Arabic-speaking peoples in the Middle East and North Africa
Syrian immigrants in New York City, as depicted in 1895
Amel Bent, a French-born Maghrebi pop singer
The Arab American National Museum in Dearborn, Michigan, the United States of America
Georgia and the Caucasus in 1060, during the final decline of the emirate
Kechimalai Mosque, Beruwala. One of the oldest mosques in Sri Lanka. It is believed to be the site where the first Arabs landed in Sri Lanka.
Baggara belt
Bas-relief: Nemesis, Allāt and the dedicator
The holiest place in Islam, the Kaaba in Al-Haram Mosque, is located in Mecca, the Hejazi region of Saudi Arabia
A Greek Orthodox Church during a snow storm in Amman, Jordan
An Abbasid-era Arabic manuscript
Arabic calligraphy
Aladdin flying away with two people, from the Arabian Nights, c. 1900
A giraffe from the Kitāb al-Ḥayawān (Book of the Animals), an important scientific treatise by the 9th century Arab writer Al-Jahiz.
Illustration from Kitab al-Aghani (Book of Songs), by Abu al-Faraj al-Isfahani. The 14th-century historian Ibn Khaldun called the Book of Songs the register of the Arabs.
Self portrait of renowned Lebanese poet/writer Khalil Gibran
A large plate of Mezes in Petra, Jordan
Mosaic and arabesque on a wall of the Myrtle court in Alhambra, Granada.
Arabic miniature depicting Al-Harith from Maqamat of al-Hariri
The Mosque-Cathedral of Córdoba, built by Abd al Rahman I in 987
Bayad plays the "Oud to The Lady," from the Bayad & Riyad, Arabic tale
Umm Kulthum was an internationally famous Egyptian singer.
Al-Lat was the god of Arabs before Islam; It was found in Ta'if
Averroes, founder of the Averroism school of philosophy, was influential in the rise of secular thought in Western Europe.
Ibn Arabi, one of the most celebrated mystic-philosophers in Islamic history.
Hevelius's Selenographia, showing Alhazen [sic] representing reason, and Galileo representing the senses. Alhazen has been described as the "world's first true scientist".
Albategnius's Kitāb az-Zīj was one of the most influential books in medieval astronomy
The Tabula Rogeriana, drawn by al-Idrisi for Roger II of Sicily in 1154, is one of the most advanced ancient world maps. Modern consolidation, created from the 70 double-page spreads of the original atlas.
Henna tattoo in Morocco
The Qur'an is one of the most influential examples of Arabic literature

Arab diaspora refers to descendants of the Arab immigrants who, voluntarily or as refugees, emigrated from their native lands in non-Arab countries, primarily in East Africa, South America, Europe, North America, Australia and parts of South Asia, Southeast Asia, the Caribbean, and West Africa.

A map of East Africa showing some of the historically active volcanoes (as red triangles) and the Afar Triangle (shaded at the center), which is a so-called triple junction (or triple point) where three plates are pulling away from one another: the Arabian Plate and two parts of the African Plate—the Nubian and Somali—splitting along the East African Rift Zone

East African Rift

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A map of East Africa showing some of the historically active volcanoes (as red triangles) and the Afar Triangle (shaded at the center), which is a so-called triple junction (or triple point) where three plates are pulling away from one another: the Arabian Plate and two parts of the African Plate—the Nubian and Somali—splitting along the East African Rift Zone
Main rift faults, plates, plate boundaries, GPS plate velocities between adjacent blocks and minimum horizontal stress directions
The northeast corner of Jacob's Ford in Israel visualizes the drift of the Arabian Plate against the Nubian Plate
An artificial rendering of the Albertine Rift, which forms the western branch of the East African Rift. Visible features include (from background to foreground): Lake Albert, the Rwenzori Mountains, Lake Edward, the volcanic Virunga Mountains, Lake Kivu, and the northern part of Lake Tanganyika

The East African Rift (EAR) or East African Rift System (EARS) is an active continental rift zone in East Africa.