A report on East Africa

Image of the region between Lake Victoria (on the right) and Lakes Edward, Kivu and Tanganyika (from north to south) showing dense vegetation (bright green) and fires (red).
The Bab-el-Mandeb crossing in the Red Sea: now some 12 miles (20 km) wide, narrower in prehistory.
Early Iron Age findings in East and Southern Africa
Map of British East Africa in 1911

Eastern subregion of the African continent.

- East Africa
Image of the region between Lake Victoria (on the right) and Lakes Edward, Kivu and Tanganyika (from north to south) showing dense vegetation (bright green) and fires (red).

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Arabic

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Semitic language that first emerged in the 1st to 4th centuries CE.

Semitic language that first emerged in the 1st to 4th centuries CE.

Safaitic inscription
The Namara inscription, a sample of Nabataean script, considered a direct precursor of Arabic script.
Arabic from the Quran in the old Hijazi dialect (Hijazi script, 7th century AD)
The Qur'an has served and continues to serve as a fundamental reference for Arabic. (Maghrebi Kufic script, Blue Qur'an, 9th-10th century)
Coverage in Al-Ahram in 1934 of the inauguration of the Academy of the Arabic Language in Cairo, an organization of major importance to the modernization of Arabic.
Taha Hussein and Gamal Abdel Nasser were both staunch defenders of Standard Arabic.
Flag of the Arab League, used in some cases for the Arabic language
Flag used in some cases for the Arabic language (Flag of the Kingdom of Hejaz 1916–1925).The flag contains the four Pan-Arab colors: black, white, green and red.
Different dialects of Arabic
Arabic calligraphy written by a Malay Muslim in Malaysia. The calligrapher is making a rough draft.

Hadhrami Arabic, spoken by around 8 million people, predominantly in Hadhramaut, and in parts of the Arabian Peninsula, South and Southeast Asia, and East Africa by Hadhrami descendants.

Leopard

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One of the five extant species in the genus Panthera, a member of the cat family, Felidae.

One of the five extant species in the genus Panthera, a member of the cat family, Felidae.

Mounted skeleton
A melanistic leopard or black panther
Map showing approximate distribution of leopard subspecies
Two cladograms proposed for Panthera. The upper cladogram is based on the 2006 and 2009 studies, while the lower is based on the 2010 and 2011 studies.
A leopard climbing down a tree
A lioness steals a leopard kill in Kruger National Park
Leopard head to hip ornament from the Court of Benin
Animal trainer with leopard

Fossils of leopard ancestors were excavated in East Africa and South Asia, dating back to the Pleistocene between 2 and.

Monkeys with S-shaped tail depicted in 18th and 17th century BCE frescoes at Akrotiri on the Aegean island of Thera were recently identified as South Asian gray langurs

Indian Ocean trade

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Indian Ocean Trade has been a key factor in East–West exchanges throughout history.

Indian Ocean Trade has been a key factor in East–West exchanges throughout history.

Monkeys with S-shaped tail depicted in 18th and 17th century BCE frescoes at Akrotiri on the Aegean island of Thera were recently identified as South Asian gray langurs
Austronesian proto-historic and historic maritime trade network in the Indian Ocean
Roman trade with India according to the Periplus Maris Erythraei, 1st century CE.
Indian ship on lead coin of Vasisthiputra Sri Pulamavi.
Relief panel of a ship at Borobudur, 8th–9th century.
Sites of Egyptian Red Sea ports, including Alexandria and Berenice.
Roman piece of pottery from Arezzo, Latium, found at Virampatnam, Arikamedu (1st century CE). Musee Guimet.
Muziris, as shown in the Tabula Peutingeriana, with a "Templum Augusti".
Part of Zheng He's navigation map providing instruction for aligning ship to travel from Hormuz to Calicut, 1430
Japanese portolan sailing map, depicting the Indian Ocean and the East Asian coast, early 17th century.
Portuguese discoveries and explorations: first arrival places and dates
Reception of Venetian ambassadors in Damascus in the time of Qaitbay.
The island of Hormuz was captured by an Anglo-Persian force in the 1622 Capture of Ormuz.

Long-distance trade in dhows and proas made it a dynamic zone of interaction between peoples, cultures, and civilizations stretching from Southeast Asia to East and South East Africa and East Mediterranean in the West in prehistoric and early historic periods.

French colonial empire

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The French colonial empire (Empire colonial français) comprised the overseas colonies, protectorates and mandate territories that came under French rule from the 16th century onward.

The French colonial empire (Empire colonial français) comprised the overseas colonies, protectorates and mandate territories that came under French rule from the 16th century onward.

French colonial empire 17th century-20th century
Map of the first (green) and second (blue) French colonial empires
The French colonial empire in the Americas comprised New France (including Canada and Louisiana), French West Indies (including Saint-Domingue, Guadeloupe, Martinique, Dominica, St. Lucia, Grenada, Tobago and other islands) and French Guiana.
French North America was known as 'Nouvelle France' or New France.
1767 Louis XV Colonies Françoises (West Indies) 12 Diniers copper Sous (w/1793 "RF" counterstamp)
Arrival of Marshal Randon in Algiers in 1857 by Ernest Francis Vacherot
French and other European settlements in Colonial India
The British invasion of Martinique in 1809
Animated map showing the growth and decline of the first and second French colonial empires
Queen Pōmare IV in 1860. Tahiti was made a French protectorate in 1842, and annexed as a colony of France in 1880.
The last photograph of Napoleon III (1872)
French trading post on Gorée, an island offshore of Senegal
The French expedition in Syria led by General Beaufort d'Hautpoul, landing in Beyrouth on 16 August 1860
The French conquest of Algeria
The Presidential Palace of Vietnam, in Hanoi, was built between 1900 and 1906 to house the French Governor-General of Indochina.
Central and east Africa, 1898, during the Fashoda Incident
The captured rebels of Raiatea, 1897
Comparison of Africa in the years 1880 and 1913
French colonial troops, led by Colonel Alfred-Amédée Dodds, a Senegalese mulatto, conquered and annexed Dahomey in 1894.
The gradual loss of all Vichy territory to Free France and the Allies by 1943. [[:File:Vichy france map.png|Legend.]]
Captured French soldiers from Dien Bien Phu, escorted by Vietnamese troops, walk to a prisoner-of-war camp
Capture of Saigon by Charles Rigault de Genouilly on 18 February 1859, painted by Antoine Morel-Fatio
Napoleon III receiving the Siamese embassy at the palace of Fontainebleau in 1864
Map of the first (green) and second (blue) French colonial empires

Gradually, French control crystallised over much of North, West, and Central Africa by around the start of the 20th century (including the modern states of Mauritania, Senegal, Guinea, Mali, Ivory Coast, Benin, Niger, Chad, Central African Republic, Republic of the Congo, Gabon, Cameroon, the east African coastal enclave of Djibouti (French Somaliland), and the island of Madagascar).

Map of the regions of Africa.

History of science and technology in Africa

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Africa has the world's oldest record of human technological achievement: the oldest stone tools in the world have been found in eastern Africa, and later evidence for tool production by our hominin ancestors has been found across West, Central, Eastern and Southern Africa.

Africa has the world's oldest record of human technological achievement: the oldest stone tools in the world have been found in eastern Africa, and later evidence for tool production by our hominin ancestors has been found across West, Central, Eastern and Southern Africa.

Map of the regions of Africa.

Homo habilis, residing in eastern Africa, developed another early toolmaking industry, the Oldowan, around 2.3 million years ago.

Professor G. A. Wallin (1811–1852), a Finnish explorer and orientalist, who is remembered for his journeys to the Middle East during the 1840s. Portrait of Wallin by R. W. Ekman, 1853.

Exploration

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Act of searching for the purpose of discovery of information or resources, especially in the context of geography or space, rather than research and development that is usually not centred on earth sciences or astronomy.

Act of searching for the purpose of discovery of information or resources, especially in the context of geography or space, rather than research and development that is usually not centred on earth sciences or astronomy.

Professor G. A. Wallin (1811–1852), a Finnish explorer and orientalist, who is remembered for his journeys to the Middle East during the 1840s. Portrait of Wallin by R. W. Ekman, 1853.
Viking settlements and voyages
Austronesian expansion map
The Transatlantic voyages of Christopher Columbus
Outward and return voyages of the Portuguese India run in the Atlantic and the Indian oceans, with the North Atlantic Gyre (volta do mar) picked up by Henry's navigators, and the outward route of the South Atlantic westerlies that Bartolomeu Dias discovered in 1488, followed and explored by the expeditions of Vasco da Gama and Pedro Alvares Cabral.
The routes of Captain James Cook's voyages. The first voyage is shown in red, second voyage in green , and third voyage in blue.
Route of the Lewis and Clark Expedition

Then in 1334–1339, he visited North Africa and East Africa.

The economically important Silk Road (red) and spice trade routes (blue) were blocked by the Seljuk Empire c. 1090, triggering the Crusades, and by the Ottoman Empire c. 1453, which spurred the Age of Discovery and European Colonialism.

Spice trade

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The spice trade involved historical civilizations in Asia, Northeast Africa and Europe.

The spice trade involved historical civilizations in Asia, Northeast Africa and Europe.

The economically important Silk Road (red) and spice trade routes (blue) were blocked by the Seljuk Empire c. 1090, triggering the Crusades, and by the Ottoman Empire c. 1453, which spurred the Age of Discovery and European Colonialism.
The spice trade from India attracted the attention of the Ptolemaic dynasty, and subsequently the Roman empire.
Austronesian proto-historic and historic maritime trade network in the Indian Ocean
Roman trade with India according to the Periplus of the Erythraean Sea, 1st century CE.
Trade route in the Red Sea linking Italy to south-west India
Spice Bazaar used for the spice trade during the Ottoman Empire in Istanbul
Portuguese India Armadas trade routes (blue) since Vasco da Gama 1498 travel and its rival Manila-Acapulco galleons and Spanish treasure fleets (white) established in 1568
Image of Calicut, India from Georg Braun and Frans Hogenberg's atlas Civitates orbis terrarum, 1572.
Dutch ships in Table Bay docking at the Cape Colony at the Cape of Good Hope, 1762.
Portugal claimed the Indian Ocean as its mare clausum during the Age of Discovery.
One of the Borobudur ships from the 8th century. These were depictions of large Javanese outrigger vessels. One is shown here with the characteristic tanja sail of Southeast Asian Austronesians.

Indonesians in particular were trading in spices (mainly cinnamon and cassia) with East Africa using catamaran and outrigger boats and sailing with the help of the westerlies in the Indian Ocean.

Chimoio

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Capital of Manica Province in Mozambique.

Capital of Manica Province in Mozambique.

Cinema Montalto in Chimoio
Municipal Council of Chimoio

The Portuguese, already well established in the coastal areas of East Africa since the 15th century, also ventured into these interior lands seeking the famous Mwenemutapa Empire and gradually settled there as colonists.

Pearl millet in the field

Millet

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Millets are a group of highly variable small-seeded grasses, widely grown around the world as cereal crops or grains for fodder and human food.

Millets are a group of highly variable small-seeded grasses, widely grown around the world as cereal crops or grains for fodder and human food.

Pearl millet in the field
Finger millet in the field
Ripe head of proso millet
Sprouting millet plants
Pearl millet (Pennisetum glaucum)
Kodo millet (Paspalum scrobiculatum)
Tongba, a millet-based alcoholic brew found in the far eastern mountainous region of Nepal and Sikkim, India
, candied millet puffs, are a specialty of Osaka, Japan. This millet confection tradition began when it was presented to Sugawara no Michizane when he stopped in Naniwa during the early Heian period, about 1000 years ago.
Bánh đa kê, a specialty snack in Hanoi

Finger millet is originally native to the highlands of East Africa and was domesticated before the third millennium BCE.

Karagwe District

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One of the eight districts of the Kagera Region of Tanzania.

One of the eight districts of the Kagera Region of Tanzania.

The Karagwe kingdom was part of the many Great Lakes Kingdoms, in East Africa.