A report on Palestinians, East Jerusalem, Israel and Israeli–Palestinian conflict

A depiction of Syria and Palestine from CE 650 to 1500

2018 United Nations OCHA map of the area, showing Israeli occupation arrangements

Central Israel and Area C (blue), the part of the West Bank under full Israeli control, 2011
(For a more up-to-date, interactive map, see here).

The Palestinian Arab Christian-owned Falastin newspaper featuring a caricature on its 18 June 1936 edition showing Zionism as a crocodile under the protection of a British officer telling Palestinian Arabs: "don't be afraid!!! I will swallow you peacefully...".

A loom at work making a traditional Palestinian keffiyeh in Hebron, Palestine. The keffiyeh is a traditional headdress with origins in Arabia

Map of East Jerusalem. The Arab areas are coloured green, while the Jewish areas are blue.

The Merneptah Stele (13th century BCE). The majority of biblical archeologists translate a set of hieroglyphs as "Israel," the first instance of the name in the record.

The Arab revolt of 1936–1939 in Palestine, motivated by opposition to mass Jewish immigration.

A veiled Arab woman in Bersheeba, Palestine c.1940

William McLean's 1918 plan was the first urban planning scheme for Jerusalem. It laid the foundations for what became West Jerusalem and East Jerusalem.

Land in the lighter shade represents territory within the borders of Israel at the conclusion of the 1948 war. This land is internationally recognized as belonging to Israel.

Tawfiq Canaan (1882–1964) was a pioneering Palestinian ethnographer and Palestinian nationalist. Deeply interested in Palestinian folklore (principally Canaanite, Philistine, Hebraic, Nabatean, Syrio-Aramaic and Arab), Canaan wrote several books and more than 50 articles on the matter

Old Roman era gate beneath the Damascus Gate (Bab al-'Amud) in Jerusalem

The Large Stone Structure, an archaeological site in Jerusalem

A peace movement poster: Israeli and Palestinian flags and the words peace in Arabic and Hebrew.

Depiction of Palestine in the time of Saul c. 1020 BC according to George Adam Smith's 1915 Atlas of the Historical Geography of the Holy Land

Yitzhak Rabin, Bill Clinton, and Yasser Arafat during the Oslo Accords on 13 September 1993.

King Hussein flying over the Temple Mount while it was under Jordanian control, 1965

Map of Israel and Judah in the 9th century BCE

Edward Said and Daniel Barenboim in Sevilla, 2002

Aerial view of the ancient Jewish cemetery on Mount of Olives

Portion of the Temple Scroll, one of the Dead Sea Scrolls, written during the Second Temple period

A fatally wounded Israeli school boy, 2011

Saladin's Falcon, the coat of arms and emblem of the Palestinian Authority

2018 United Nations map of the area, showing the Israeli occupation arrangements.

Kfar Bar'am, an ancient Jewish village, abandoned some time between the 7th–13th centuries CE.

Greater Jerusalem, May 2006. CIA remote sensing map showing what the CIA regards as settlements, plus refugee camps, fences, and walls

Khalil Beidas's 1898 use of the word "Palestinians" in the preface to his translation of Akim Olesnitsky's [[:File:Olesnitsky A. The Holy Land. Vol. 1 (Russian).djvu|A Description of the Holy Land]]

The 13th-century Ramban Synagogue in Jerusalem

A 1930 protest in Jerusalem against the British Mandate by Palestinian women. The sign reads "No dialogue, no negotiations until termination [of the Mandate]"

Jerusalem municipal area, under Israel in 2000

Home in Balata refugee camp demolished during the second Intifada, 2002

UN stamp to commemorate the Palestinian struggle

Greater Jerusalem, May 2006. CIA remote sensing map showing areas they consider settlements, plus refugee camps, fences, walls, etc.

The First Zionist Congress (1897) in Basel, Switzerland

Remains of an Egged bus hit by suicide bomber in the aftermath of the 2011 southern Israel cross-border attacks. Eight people were killed, about 40 were injured.

Musa Alami (1897-1984) was a Palestinian nationalist and politician and was viewed in the 1940s as the leader of the Palestinians

East Jerusalem, with Israeli West Bank barrier in the background

UN Map, "Palestine plan of partition with economic union"

An Israeli child wounded by a Hamas Grad rocket fired on the city of Beer Sheva is taken to a hospital

Abd al-Qadir al-Husayni, leader of the Army of the Holy War in 1948

Territory held by Israel: The Sinai Peninsula was returned to Egypt in 1982.

Area C, controlled by Israel under Oslo Accords, in blue and red, in December 2011

UN map showing a series of Israeli "Inner Settlements" – each represented as red crosses – with clusters in the Old City, to the south adjacent to the City of David (shown as "Beit Hazofe" (בית הצופה, "Observation House")) and Ma'ale HaZeitim, and to the north around Shimon HaTzadik.

Israel's 1980 law declared that "Jerusalem, complete and united, is the capital of Israel."

Protest against land confiscation held at Bil'in, 2011

Yasser Arafat, Nayef Hawatmeh and Kamal Nasser in a Jordan press conference in Amman, 1970

The new building is Schmidt's Girls College.

Shimon Peres (left) with Yitzhak Rabin (center) and King Hussein of Jordan (right), prior to signing the Israel–Jordan peace treaty in 1994.

A neighbourhood in Ariel, home to the Ariel University

The site of the 2001 Tel Aviv Dolphinarium discotheque massacre, in which 21 Israelis were killed.

Köppen climate classification map of Israel and the Golan Heights

The barrier between Israel and Palestine and an example of one of the Israeli-controlled checkpoints

Immigration to Israel in the years 1948–2015. The two peaks were in 1949 and 1990.

Bar chart showing Israeli and Palestinian deaths from September 2000 to July 2014

Palestinian Druze family making bread 1920

Road sign in Hebrew, Arabic, and English

Areen Omari, a Palestinian actress and producer, attends a motion picture ceremony

The Dome of the Rock and the Western Wall, Jerusalem.

Palestinian market at Jaffa, 1877 painting

Multidisciplinary Brain Research Center at Bar-Ilan University

Mount Scopus Campus of the Hebrew University of Jerusalem

Palestinian novelist and non-fiction writer Susan Abulhawa

The Knesset chamber, home to the Israeli parliament

Palestinian-American writer Naomi Shihab Nye

Supreme Court of Israel, Givat Ram, Jerusalem

Samah Sabawi is a Palestinian dramatist, writer and journalist.

Map of Israel showing the West Bank, the Gaza Strip, and the Golan Heights

Israeli West Bank barrier separating Israel and the West Bank

American radio personality and record producer DJ Khaled, of Palestinian descent

Area C of the West Bank, controlled by Israel under Oslo Accords, in blue and red, in December 2011

Palestinians attending prayers at the Dome of the Rock in Jerusalem

The Church of the Holy Sepulchre in Jerusalem, the holiest site in Christianity

Yitzhak Rabin and Yasser Arafat at the signing ceremony of the Oslo Accords with then US President Bill Clinton

Palestinian Christian Scouts on Christmas Eve in front of the Nativity Church in Bethlehem, 2006

Squad commanders exercise at Eliakim training base in 2012

Iron Dome is the world's first operational anti-artillery rocket defense system.

Jews in 'Ben Zakai' house of prayer, Jerusalem, 1893.

Change in per capita GDP of Israel since 1950. Figures are inflation-adjusted to 2011 International dollars.

Tomb of Jethro in Hittin, Northern Israel.

The Diamond Exchange District in Ramat Gan

Muslims pray in Jerusalem, 1840. By David Roberts, in The Holy Land, Syria, Idumea, Arabia, Egypt, and Nubia

Tel Aviv Stock Exchange. Its building is optimized for computer trading, with systems located in an underground bunker to keep the exchange active during emergencies.

A Palestinian Christian family in Ramallah, Ottoman Palestine, 1905

Married Eastern Orthodox priest from Jerusalem with his family (three generations), circa 1893

The world's largest solar parabolic dish at the Ben-Gurion National Solar Energy Center.

Ein Bokek resort on the shore of the Dead Sea

Shmuel Yosef Agnon, laureate of the Nobel Prize in Literature

Musakhan: The Palestinian National dish.

Israel Philharmonic Orchestra conducted by Zubin Mehta

A plate of hummus, garnished with paprika and olive oil and pine nuts

Shrine of the Book, repository of the Dead Sea Scrolls in Jerusalem

A Palestinian youth serving Falafel in Ramallah.

A meal including falafel, hummus, French fries and Israeli salad

The Alhamra Cinema, Jaffa, 1937, bombed December 1947

Villagers in Halhul at an open-air cinema screening c. 1940

Young woman of Ramallah wearing dowry headdress, c. 1898–1914

Ramallah woman, c. 1920, Library of Congress

A Traditional Women's Dress in Ramallah, c. 1920.

Palestinian Dabke folk dance being performed by men

Palestinian women dancing traditionally, Bethlehem c. 1936

Marco Zaror is a Chilean martial artist of Palestinian descent.

Nicolás Massú is a Chilean tennis player of Palestinian descent.

Roberto Bishara Adawi is a footballer of Palestinian descent.

East Jerusalem (القدس الشرقية, al-Quds ash-Sharqiya; מִזְרַח יְרוּשָׁלַיִם, Mizraḥ Yerushalayim) is the sector of Jerusalem that was held by Jordan during the 1948 Arab–Israeli War, as opposed to the western sector of the city, West Jerusalem, which was held by Israel.

- East Jerusalem

Despite various wars and exoduses, roughly one half of the world's Palestinian population continues to reside in the territory of former British Palestine, now encompassing the West Bank and the Gaza Strip (the Palestinian territories) as well as Israel.

- Palestinians

In this combined area,, Palestinians constituted 49 percent of all inhabitants, encompassing the entire population of the Gaza Strip (1.865 million), the majority of the population of the West Bank (approximately 2,785,000 versus some 600,000 Israeli settlers, which includes about 200,000 in East Jerusalem), and almost 21 percent of the population of Israel proper as part of its Arab citizens.

- Palestinians

Palestinians and many in the international community consider East Jerusalem to be the future capital of the State of Palestine.

- East Jerusalem

The status of Jerusalem has been described as "one of the most intractable issues in the Israeli–Palestinian conflict", with conflicting claims to sovereignty over the city or parts of it, and access to its holy sites.

- East Jerusalem

However, public support for a two-state solution, which formerly enjoyed support from both Israeli Jews and Palestinians, has dwindled in recent years.

- Israeli–Palestinian conflict

Over 700,000 Palestinian Arabs, about half of the pre-war Arab population, were expelled from or fled the territory Israel would come to control.

- Israel

Israel has effectively annexed East Jerusalem and the Golan Heights, though these actions have been rejected as illegal by the international community, and established settlements within the occupied territories, which are also considered illegal under international law.

- Israel

While Israel has signed peace treaties with Egypt and Jordan, and has normalized relations with a number of other Arab countries, it remains formally at war with Syria and with Lebanon, and efforts to resolve the Israeli–Palestinian conflict have thus far stalled.

- Israel

Tsvi Misinai, an Israeli researcher, entrepreneur and proponent of a controversial alternative solution to the Israeli–Palestinian conflict, asserts that nearly 90% of all Palestinians living within Israel and the occupied territories (including Israel's Arab citizens and Negev Bedouin) are descended from the Jewish Israelite peasantry that remained on the land, after the others, mostly city dwellers, were exiled or left.

- Palestinians

Occupied Palestinian Territory is the term used by the United Nations to refer to the West Bank, including East Jerusalem, and the Gaza Strip—territories which were captured by Israel during the 1967 Six-Day War, having formerly been controlled by Egypt and Jordan.

- Israeli–Palestinian conflict

When Israel became a state after the war in 1948, 77% of Palestine's land was used for the creation on the state.

- Israeli–Palestinian conflict

5 related topics with Alpha

West Bank

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Landlocked territory near the coast of the Mediterranean in Western Asia.

The Cave of the Patriarchs is one of the most famous holy sites in the region.

King Hussein flying over the Temple Mount in Jerusalem when it was under Jordanian control, 1965

U.S. President George Bush and Mahmoud Abbas in Ramallah, 2008

View of the Judaean Mountains from Ramallah

Map of West Bank settlements and closures in January 2006: Yellow = Palestinian urban centers. Light pink = closed military areas or settlement boundary areas or areas isolated by the Israeli West Bank barrier; dark pink = settlements, outposts or military bases. The black line = route of the Barrier

Greater Jerusalem, May 2006. CIA remote sensing map showing areas considered settlements, plus refugee camps, fences, walls, etc.

Qalandiya Checkpoint between Ramallah and Jerusalem

Checkpoint before entering Jericho, 2005

It is bordered by Jordan and the Dead Sea to the east and by Israel (see Green Line) to the south, west, and north.

The West Bank's borders also include the lands that comprise East Jerusalem.

It has an estimated population of 2,747,943 Palestinians, and over 670,000 Israeli settlers live in the West Bank, of which 220,000 live in East Jerusalem.

Alongside the self-governing Gaza Strip, the Israeli-occupied West Bank and East Jerusalem are claimed by the State of Palestine as its sovereign territory, and thus remain a flashpoint of the Israeli–Palestinian conflict.

Bill Clinton, Yitzhak Rabin, Yasser Arafat at the White House in 1993

Oslo Accords

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The Oslo Accords are a pair of agreements between Israel and the Palestine Liberation Organization (PLO): the Oslo I Accord, signed in Washington, D.C., in 1993; and the Oslo II Accord, signed in Taba, Egypt, in 1995.

They marked the start of the Oslo process, a peace process aimed at achieving a peace treaty based on Resolution 242 and Resolution 338 of the United Nations Security Council, and at fulfilling the "right of the Palestinian people to self-determination".

Among the notable outcomes of the Oslo Accords was the creation of the Palestinian National Authority, which was tasked with the responsibility of conducted limited Palestinian self-governance over parts of the West Bank and the Gaza Strip; and the international acknowledgement of the PLO as Israel's partner in permanent-status negotiations about any remaining issues revolving around the Israeli–Palestinian conflict.

While Peres had limited settlement construction at the request of US Secretary of State, Madeleine Albright, Netanyahu continued construction within existing Israeli settlements, and put forward plans for the construction of a new neighborhood, Har Homa, in East Jerusalem.

CIA remote-sensing map of areas governed by the Palestinian Authority, July 2008.

Second Intifada

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Palestinian uprising against Israel.

Monument to Israeli Arab casualties in October 2000 riots, Nazareth

Dolphinarium Massacre memorial at the Tel Aviv Dolphinarium site with the names of the victims written in Russian

Military equipment confiscated from Karine A

The aftermath of a bus bombing in Haifa in 2003

Early Israeli construction of West Bank barrier, 2003

Israeli forces uncover a smuggling tunnel in Gaza, May 2004

Rocket and mortar shells from Gaza into Israel, February 2009

IDF Caterpillar D9 armoured bulldozer. Military experts cited the D9 as a key factor in keeping IDF casualties low.

The Israeli Air Force (IAF) AH-64 Apache were used as platform for shooting guided missiles at Palestinian targets and employed at the targeted killings policy against senior militants and terrorists leaders.

The iconic picture of Faris Odeh, who was killed in early November 2000, throwing a stone at an Israel Defense Forces tank in the Gaza Strip.

While Peres had limited settlement construction at the request of US Secretary of State, Madeleine Albright, Netanyahu continued construction within existing Israeli settlements and put forward plans for the construction of a new neighbourhood, Har Homa, in East Jerusalem.

Following the appointment of Abbas, the U.S. administration promoted the Road map for peace—the Quartet's plan to end the Israeli–Palestinian conflict by disbanding militant organizations, halting settlement activity and establishing a democratic and peaceful Palestinian state.

Unlike the First Intifada, a Palestinian civil uprising mainly focused on mass protests and general strikes, the Second Intifada rapidly turned into an armed conflict between Palestinian militant groups and the Israel Defense Forces.

Palestinian tactics focused on Israeli civilians, soldiers, police and other security forces, and methods of attack included suicide bombings, launching rockets and mortars into Israel, kidnapping of both soldiers and civilians, including children, shootings, assassination, stabbings, stonings, and lynchings.

Yasser Arafat

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Arafat with Democratic Front for the Liberation of Palestine leader, Nayef Hawatmeh and Palestinian writer Kamal Nasser at press conference in Amman, 1970

Egyptian President Gamal Abdel Nasser (center) mediating an agreement between Arafat and Jordanian King Hussein to end to the Black September conflict, during the emergency Arab League summit, September 1970

Yasser Arafat visits East Germany in 1971; background: Brandenburg Gate

Yasser Arafat with Bhim Singh, founder of Jammu and Kashmir National Panthers Party, in the 1970s.

Arafat in a Palestinian refugee camp in Southern Lebanon, 1978

Arafat with Palestinian poet Mahmoud Darwish (center) and PFLP leader George Habash (right) in Syria, 1980

Arafat with Iranian Prime Minister Mehdi Bazargan, days after Iranian Revolution

Yitzhak Rabin, Bill Clinton, and Arafat during the Oslo Accords on 13 September 1993

Yitzhak Rabin, Shimon Peres and Yasser Arafat receiving the Nobel Peace Prize following the Oslo Accords

Arafat with PNA cabinet members Yasser Abed Rabbo (left) and Nabil Shaath (right) at a meeting in Copenhagen, 1999

Arafat with Ehud Barak and Bill Clinton at Camp David Summit, 2000

Arafat's "temporary" tomb in Ramallah, 2004

Honour guard at attention over Yasser Arafat's tombstone in mausoleum, opened 10 November 2007 at the PNA presidential headquarters in Ramallah

Mohammed Abdel Rahman Abdel Raouf al-Qudwa al-Husseini (4 / 24 August 1929 – 11 November 2004), popularly known as Yasser Arafat (, ; محمد ياسر عبد الرحمن عبد الرؤوف عرفات القدوة الحسيني; ياسر عرفات) or by his kunya Abu Ammar (أبو عمار), was a Palestinian political leader.

Opposed to the 1948 creation of the State of Israel, he fought alongside the Muslim Brotherhood during the 1948 Arab–Israeli War.

In 1988, he acknowledged Israel's right to exist and sought a two-state solution to the Israeli–Palestinian conflict.

It called for a Palestinian national authority over every part of "liberated" Palestinian territory, which refers to areas captured by Arab forces in the 1948 Arab–Israeli War (present-day West Bank, East Jerusalem and Gaza Strip).

Six-Day War

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On 22 May 1967, President Nasser addressed his pilots at Bir Gifgafa Airfield in Sinai: "The Jews are threatening war—we say to them ahlan wa-sahlan (welcome)!"

Israeli troops examine destroyed Egyptian aircraft

Dassault Mirage at the Israeli Air Force Museum. Operation Focus was mainly conducted using French built aircraft.

Israeli reconnaissance forces from the "Shaked" unit in Sinai during the war

Major General Ariel Sharon during the Battle of Abu-Ageila

Israeli Armor of the Six-Day War: pictured here the AMX 13

An Israeli gunboat passes through the Straits of Tiran near Sharm El Sheikh.

Israeli paratroopers flush out Jordanian soldiers from trenches during the Battle of Ammunition Hill.

Silhouette of Israeli paratroops advancing on Ammunition Hill.

An Israeli airstrike near the Augusta-Victoria Hospital

David Rubinger's photograph of IDF paratroopers at Jerusalem's Western Wall shortly after its capture. The soldiers in the foreground are (from left) Zion Karasenti, Yitzhak Yifat, and Haim Oshri.

From left, General Uzi Narkiss, Defense Minister Moshe Dayan, and Chief of Staff Lt. General Yitzhak Rabin in the Old City of Jerusalem after its fall to Israeli forces

Israeli tanks advancing on the Golan Heights. June 1967

The Six-Day War (מִלְחֶמֶת שֵׁשֶׁת הַיָּמִים; النكسة or حرب 1967), also known as the June War, the 1967 Arab–Israeli War or the Third Arab–Israeli War, was an armed conflict fought from 5 to 10 June 1967 between Israel and a coalition of Arab states primarily comprising Jordan, Syria and Egypt (then known as United Arab Republic).

At the cessation of hostilities, Israel had seized the Golan Heights from Syria, the West Bank (including East Jerusalem) from Jordan, and the Gaza Strip as well as the entire Sinai Peninsula from Egypt.

The displacement of civilian populations as a result of the Six-Day War would have long-term consequences, as around 280,000 to 325,000 Palestinians and 100,000 Syrians fled or were expelled from the West Bank and the Golan Heights, respectively.

See also Israeli–Palestinian conflict and Golan Heights.