A report on East Jerusalem, Israel and Palestine Liberation Organization

2018 United Nations OCHA map of the area, showing Israeli occupation arrangements

Orient House, the former PLO headquarters in Jerusalem

Map of East Jerusalem. The Arab areas are coloured green, while the Jewish areas are blue.

The Merneptah Stele (13th century BCE). The majority of biblical archeologists translate a set of hieroglyphs as "Israel," the first instance of the name in the record.

William McLean's 1918 plan was the first urban planning scheme for Jerusalem. It laid the foundations for what became West Jerusalem and East Jerusalem.

Old Roman era gate beneath the Damascus Gate (Bab al-'Amud) in Jerusalem

The Large Stone Structure, an archaeological site in Jerusalem

King Hussein flying over the Temple Mount while it was under Jordanian control, 1965

Map of Israel and Judah in the 9th century BCE

Aerial view of the ancient Jewish cemetery on Mount of Olives

Portion of the Temple Scroll, one of the Dead Sea Scrolls, written during the Second Temple period

2018 United Nations map of the area, showing the Israeli occupation arrangements.

Kfar Bar'am, an ancient Jewish village, abandoned some time between the 7th–13th centuries CE.

The 13th-century Ramban Synagogue in Jerusalem

Jerusalem municipal area, under Israel in 2000

Greater Jerusalem, May 2006. CIA remote sensing map showing areas they consider settlements, plus refugee camps, fences, walls, etc.

The First Zionist Congress (1897) in Basel, Switzerland

East Jerusalem, with Israeli West Bank barrier in the background

UN Map, "Palestine plan of partition with economic union"

Territory held by Israel: The Sinai Peninsula was returned to Egypt in 1982.

UN map showing a series of Israeli "Inner Settlements" – each represented as red crosses – with clusters in the Old City, to the south adjacent to the City of David (shown as "Beit Hazofe" (בית הצופה, "Observation House")) and Ma'ale HaZeitim, and to the north around Shimon HaTzadik.

Israel's 1980 law declared that "Jerusalem, complete and united, is the capital of Israel."

The new building is Schmidt's Girls College.

Shimon Peres (left) with Yitzhak Rabin (center) and King Hussein of Jordan (right), prior to signing the Israel–Jordan peace treaty in 1994.

The site of the 2001 Tel Aviv Dolphinarium discotheque massacre, in which 21 Israelis were killed.

Köppen climate classification map of Israel and the Golan Heights

Immigration to Israel in the years 1948–2015. The two peaks were in 1949 and 1990.

Road sign in Hebrew, Arabic, and English

The Dome of the Rock and the Western Wall, Jerusalem.

Multidisciplinary Brain Research Center at Bar-Ilan University

Mount Scopus Campus of the Hebrew University of Jerusalem

The Knesset chamber, home to the Israeli parliament

Supreme Court of Israel, Givat Ram, Jerusalem

Map of Israel showing the West Bank, the Gaza Strip, and the Golan Heights

Israeli West Bank barrier separating Israel and the West Bank

Area C of the West Bank, controlled by Israel under Oslo Accords, in blue and red, in December 2011

Yitzhak Rabin and Yasser Arafat at the signing ceremony of the Oslo Accords with then US President Bill Clinton

Squad commanders exercise at Eliakim training base in 2012

Iron Dome is the world's first operational anti-artillery rocket defense system.

Change in per capita GDP of Israel since 1950. Figures are inflation-adjusted to 2011 International dollars.

The Diamond Exchange District in Ramat Gan

Tel Aviv Stock Exchange. Its building is optimized for computer trading, with systems located in an underground bunker to keep the exchange active during emergencies.

The world's largest solar parabolic dish at the Ben-Gurion National Solar Energy Center.

Ein Bokek resort on the shore of the Dead Sea

Shmuel Yosef Agnon, laureate of the Nobel Prize in Literature

Israel Philharmonic Orchestra conducted by Zubin Mehta

Shrine of the Book, repository of the Dead Sea Scrolls in Jerusalem

A meal including falafel, hummus, French fries and Israeli salad

East Jerusalem (القدس الشرقية, al-Quds ash-Sharqiya; מִזְרַח יְרוּשָׁלַיִם, Mizraḥ Yerushalayim) is the sector of Jerusalem that was held by Jordan during the 1948 Arab–Israeli War, as opposed to the western sector of the city, West Jerusalem, which was held by Israel.

- East Jerusalem

The Palestine Liberation Organization (PLO; منظمة التحرير الفلسطينية, Munaẓẓamat at-Taḥrīr al-Filasṭīniyyah) is a Palestinian nationalist political and militant organization founded in 1964 with the initial purpose of establishing Arab unity and statehood over the territory of former Mandatory Palestine, in opposition to the State of Israel.

- Palestine Liberation Organization

Israel has effectively annexed East Jerusalem and the Golan Heights, though these actions have been rejected as illegal by the international community, and established settlements within the occupied territories, which are also considered illegal under international law.

- Israel

In the Palestine Liberation Organization (PLO)'s Palestinian Declaration of Independence of 1988, Jerusalem is stated to be the capital of the State of Palestine.

- East Jerusalem

In 1988, however, the PLO officially endorsed a two-state solution, contingent on terms such as making East Jerusalem capital of the Palestinian state and giving Palestinians the right of return to land occupied by Palestinians prior to 1948, as well as the right to continue armed struggle until the end of "The Zionist Entity."

- Palestine Liberation Organization

Most important among the various Palestinian and Arab groups was the Palestinian Liberation Organization (PLO), established in 1964, which initially committed itself to "armed struggle as the only way to liberate the homeland".

- Israel

12 related topics with Alpha

A depiction of Syria and Palestine from CE 650 to 1500

Palestinians

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Ethnonational group descending from peoples who have inhabited the region of Palestine over the millennia, and who are today culturally and linguistically Arab.

A loom at work making a traditional Palestinian keffiyeh in Hebron, Palestine. The keffiyeh is a traditional headdress with origins in Arabia

A veiled Arab woman in Bersheeba, Palestine c.1940

Tawfiq Canaan (1882–1964) was a pioneering Palestinian ethnographer and Palestinian nationalist. Deeply interested in Palestinian folklore (principally Canaanite, Philistine, Hebraic, Nabatean, Syrio-Aramaic and Arab), Canaan wrote several books and more than 50 articles on the matter

Depiction of Palestine in the time of Saul c. 1020 BC according to George Adam Smith's 1915 Atlas of the Historical Geography of the Holy Land

Edward Said and Daniel Barenboim in Sevilla, 2002

Saladin's Falcon, the coat of arms and emblem of the Palestinian Authority

Khalil Beidas's 1898 use of the word "Palestinians" in the preface to his translation of Akim Olesnitsky's [[:File:Olesnitsky A. The Holy Land. Vol. 1 (Russian).djvu|A Description of the Holy Land]]

A 1930 protest in Jerusalem against the British Mandate by Palestinian women. The sign reads "No dialogue, no negotiations until termination [of the Mandate]"

UN stamp to commemorate the Palestinian struggle

Musa Alami (1897-1984) was a Palestinian nationalist and politician and was viewed in the 1940s as the leader of the Palestinians

Abd al-Qadir al-Husayni, leader of the Army of the Holy War in 1948

Yasser Arafat, Nayef Hawatmeh and Kamal Nasser in a Jordan press conference in Amman, 1970

Palestinian Druze family making bread 1920

Areen Omari, a Palestinian actress and producer, attends a motion picture ceremony

Palestinian market at Jaffa, 1877 painting

Palestinian novelist and non-fiction writer Susan Abulhawa

Palestinian-American writer Naomi Shihab Nye

Samah Sabawi is a Palestinian dramatist, writer and journalist.

American radio personality and record producer DJ Khaled, of Palestinian descent

Palestinians attending prayers at the Dome of the Rock in Jerusalem

The Church of the Holy Sepulchre in Jerusalem, the holiest site in Christianity

Palestinian Christian Scouts on Christmas Eve in front of the Nativity Church in Bethlehem, 2006

Jews in 'Ben Zakai' house of prayer, Jerusalem, 1893.

Tomb of Jethro in Hittin, Northern Israel.

Muslims pray in Jerusalem, 1840. By David Roberts, in The Holy Land, Syria, Idumea, Arabia, Egypt, and Nubia

A Palestinian Christian family in Ramallah, Ottoman Palestine, 1905

Married Eastern Orthodox priest from Jerusalem with his family (three generations), circa 1893

Musakhan: The Palestinian National dish.

A plate of hummus, garnished with paprika and olive oil and pine nuts

A Palestinian youth serving Falafel in Ramallah.

The Alhamra Cinema, Jaffa, 1937, bombed December 1947

Villagers in Halhul at an open-air cinema screening c. 1940

Young woman of Ramallah wearing dowry headdress, c. 1898–1914

Ramallah woman, c. 1920, Library of Congress

A Traditional Women's Dress in Ramallah, c. 1920.

Palestinian Dabke folk dance being performed by men

Palestinian women dancing traditionally, Bethlehem c. 1936

Marco Zaror is a Chilean martial artist of Palestinian descent.

Nicolás Massú is a Chilean tennis player of Palestinian descent.

Roberto Bishara Adawi is a footballer of Palestinian descent.

Despite various wars and exoduses, roughly one half of the world's Palestinian population continues to reside in the territory of former British Palestine, now encompassing the West Bank and the Gaza Strip (the Palestinian territories) as well as Israel.

In this combined area,, Palestinians constituted 49 percent of all inhabitants, encompassing the entire population of the Gaza Strip (1.865 million), the majority of the population of the West Bank (approximately 2,785,000 versus some 600,000 Israeli settlers, which includes about 200,000 in East Jerusalem), and almost 21 percent of the population of Israel proper as part of its Arab citizens.

Founded in 1964, the Palestine Liberation Organization is an umbrella organization for groups that represent the Palestinian people before international states.

West Bank

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Landlocked territory near the coast of the Mediterranean in Western Asia.

The Cave of the Patriarchs is one of the most famous holy sites in the region.

King Hussein flying over the Temple Mount in Jerusalem when it was under Jordanian control, 1965

U.S. President George Bush and Mahmoud Abbas in Ramallah, 2008

View of the Judaean Mountains from Ramallah

Map of West Bank settlements and closures in January 2006: Yellow = Palestinian urban centers. Light pink = closed military areas or settlement boundary areas or areas isolated by the Israeli West Bank barrier; dark pink = settlements, outposts or military bases. The black line = route of the Barrier

Greater Jerusalem, May 2006. CIA remote sensing map showing areas considered settlements, plus refugee camps, fences, walls, etc.

Qalandiya Checkpoint between Ramallah and Jerusalem

Checkpoint before entering Jericho, 2005

It is bordered by Jordan and the Dead Sea to the east and by Israel (see Green Line) to the south, west, and north.

The West Bank's borders also include the lands that comprise East Jerusalem.

The Oslo Accords, signed between the Palestine Liberation Organization and Israel, created administrative districts with varying levels of Palestinian autonomy in specific areas: Area A, which is administered exclusively by the PNA; Area B, which is administered by both the PNA and Israel; and Area C, which is administered exclusively by Israel.

Yasser Arafat

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Palestinian political leader.

Arafat with Democratic Front for the Liberation of Palestine leader, Nayef Hawatmeh and Palestinian writer Kamal Nasser at press conference in Amman, 1970

Egyptian President Gamal Abdel Nasser (center) mediating an agreement between Arafat and Jordanian King Hussein to end to the Black September conflict, during the emergency Arab League summit, September 1970

Yasser Arafat visits East Germany in 1971; background: Brandenburg Gate

Yasser Arafat with Bhim Singh, founder of Jammu and Kashmir National Panthers Party, in the 1970s.

Arafat in a Palestinian refugee camp in Southern Lebanon, 1978

Arafat with Palestinian poet Mahmoud Darwish (center) and PFLP leader George Habash (right) in Syria, 1980

Arafat with Iranian Prime Minister Mehdi Bazargan, days after Iranian Revolution

Yitzhak Rabin, Bill Clinton, and Arafat during the Oslo Accords on 13 September 1993

Yitzhak Rabin, Shimon Peres and Yasser Arafat receiving the Nobel Peace Prize following the Oslo Accords

Arafat with PNA cabinet members Yasser Abed Rabbo (left) and Nabil Shaath (right) at a meeting in Copenhagen, 1999

Arafat with Ehud Barak and Bill Clinton at Camp David Summit, 2000

Arafat's "temporary" tomb in Ramallah, 2004

Honour guard at attention over Yasser Arafat's tombstone in mausoleum, opened 10 November 2007 at the PNA presidential headquarters in Ramallah

Opposed to the 1948 creation of the State of Israel, he fought alongside the Muslim Brotherhood during the 1948 Arab–Israeli War.

Fatah's manpower was incremented further after Arafat decided to offer new recruits much higher salaries than members of the Palestine Liberation Army (PLA), the regular military force of the Palestine Liberation Organization (PLO), which was created by the Arab League in 1964.

It called for a Palestinian national authority over every part of "liberated" Palestinian territory, which refers to areas captured by Arab forces in the 1948 Arab–Israeli War (present-day West Bank, East Jerusalem and Gaza Strip).

State of Palestine

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De jure sovereign state in Western Asia.

Demonstration against road block, Kafr Qaddum, March 2012

The destroyed Palestinian Legislative Council building in Gaza City, Gaza–Israel conflict, September 2009

Map of Israeli settlements in the West Bank

International recognition of the State of Palestine

Children waving a Palestinian flag, West Bank

Illustration of Palestinian Christian home in Jerusalem, ca 1850. By W. H. Bartlett

It is officially governed by the Palestine Liberation Organization (PLO) and claims the West Bank and the Gaza Strip.

It was soon recognized by all Arab League members except Transjordan, which had occupied and later annexed the West Bank, including East Jerusalem.

Israel later captured the Gaza Strip and the Sinai Peninsula from Egypt, the West Bank and East Jerusalem from Jordan, and the Golan Heights from Syria during the Six-Day War in June 1967.

Palestinian National Authority

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Fatah-controlled government body that exercises partial civil control over West Bank areas "A" and "B" as a consequence of the 1993–1995 Oslo Accords.

Yitzhak Rabin, Bill Clinton and Yasser Arafat at the Oslo Accords signing ceremony on 13 September 1993.

CIA remote-sensing map of areas governed by the Palestinian Authority, July 2008.

The Palestinian legislative election in 2006, Hamas (green) and Fatah (yellow)

Mahmoud Abbas (Abu Mazen), President of the Palestinian Authority since 2005 (disputed since 2009).

Since January 2013, the Palestinian Authority has used the name "State of Palestine" on official documents, although the United Nations continues to recognize the Palestinian Liberation Organization (PLO) as the "representative of the Palestinian people".

The Palestinian Authority was formed in 1994, pursuant to the Gaza–Jericho Agreement between the PLO and the government of Israel, and was intended to be a five-year interim body.

East Jerusalem was excluded from the Accords.

Jerusalem

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City in Western Asia.

Close up of the Khirbet Beit Lei inscription, showing the earliest extra-biblical Hebrew writing of the word Jerusalem, dated to the seventh or sixth century BCE

Stepped Stone Structure in the City of David, the ancient core of Jerusalem during the Bronze Age and Iron Age

The Siloam Inscription, written in Biblical Hebrew, commemorates the construction of the Siloam tunnel (c. 700 BCE)

Modern-day reconstruction of Jerusalem during the reign of Solomon (10th century BCE). Solomon's Temple appears on top.

Holyland Model of Jerusalem, depicting the city during the late Second Temple period. First created in 1966, it is continuously updated according to advancing archaeological knowledge

A coin issued by the Jewish rebels in 68 CE. Obverse: "Shekel, Israel. Year 3". Reverse: "Jerusalem the Holy", in the Paleo-Hebrew alphabet

Stones from the Western Wall of the Temple Mount thrown during the Roman Siege of Jerusalem in 70 CE

The Siege and Destruction of Jerusalem by the Romans (David Roberts, 1850)

Jerusalem mural depicting the Cardo during the Byzantine period.

1455 painting of the Holy Land. Jerusalem is viewed from the west; the octagonal Dome of the Rock stands left of Al-Aqsa, shown as a church, and the Church of the Holy Sepulchre stands on the left side of the picture.

Medieval illustration of capture of Jerusalem during the First Crusade, 1099.

Jerusalem, from 'Peregrinatio in Terram Sanctam' by Bernhard von Breydenbach (1486)

1844 daguerreotype by Joseph-Philibert Girault de Prangey (the earliest photograph of the city).

The Knesset houses the legislature of Israel

Orient House in East Jerusalem that served as the headquarters of the PLO in the 1980s and 1990s. It was closed by Israel in 2001, two days after the Sbarro restaurant suicide bombing.

Snow visible on roofs in the Old City of Jerusalem.

Rehavia and Kiryat Wolfson, two Jewish neighborhoods, as seen from Givat Ram

Sheikh Jarrah, a predominantly Arab neighborhood on the road to Mount Scopus.

Sign in Armenian in the Armenian Quarter.

The Old City is home to many sites of seminal religious importance for the three major Abrahamic religions—Judaism, Christianity, and Islam

Mamilla Mall adorned with upscale shops stands just outside the Old City Walls.

Holyland Tower, Jerusalem's tallest building

Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Mount Scopus campus

Hand in Hand, a bilingual Jewish-Arab school in Jerusalem

Hebron Yeshiva in Givat Mordechai neighborhood

The Shrine of the Book, housing the Dead Sea Scrolls, at the Israel Museum

Tower of David citadel and the Ottoman walls

Ben-Zakai synagogue, photo taken in 1893

Guesthouse in Mishkenot Sha'ananim, the first Jewish neighborhood built outside the walls of the Old City of Jerusalem (1860), on a hill directly across from Mount Zion.

Israeli policemen meet a Jordanian Legionnaire near the Mandelbaum Gate ({{Circa|1950}}).

King Hussein of Jordan flying over the Temple Mount in East Jerusalem when it was under Jordanian control, 1965.

Sunset aerial photograph of the Mount of Olives.

The Temple Mount, the site of the two former Jewish Temples, is the holiest spot in Judaism

The Western Wall, also known as the Wailing Wall and the Kotel, is a remnant of the Second Temple and the holiest place where Jews are permitted to pray

The Church of the Holy Sepulchre contains the two holiest sites in Christianity: the site where Jesus was crucified, and Jesus's empty tomb, where he is believed by Christians to have been buried and resurrected.

Al-Aqsa Mosque, the third holiest site in Sunni Islam. Muslims believe that Muhammad was transported from the Great Mosque of Mecca to this location during the Night Journey.

The Garden Tomb – a new holy site established by British Protestants in the 19th century

Demographic history of Jerusalem by religion based on available data

The city straddles the Green Line between Israel and the West Bank; both Israelis and Palestinians claim Jerusalem as their capital.

Israel controls the entire city and maintains its primary governmental institutions there while the Palestinian National Authority and Palestine Liberation Organization ultimately foresee it as the seat of power for the State of Palestine.

During the 1948 Arab–Israeli War, West Jerusalem was among the areas captured and later annexed by Israel while East Jerusalem, including the Old City, was captured and later annexed by Jordan.

Bill Clinton, Yitzhak Rabin, Yasser Arafat at the White House in 1993

Oslo Accords

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Area C, controlled by Israel under Oslo Accords, in blue and red, in December 2011

The Oslo Accords are a pair of agreements between Israel and the Palestine Liberation Organization (PLO): the Oslo I Accord, signed in Washington, D.C., in 1993; and the Oslo II Accord, signed in Taba, Egypt, in 1995.

While Peres had limited settlement construction at the request of US Secretary of State, Madeleine Albright, Netanyahu continued construction within existing Israeli settlements, and put forward plans for the construction of a new neighborhood, Har Homa, in East Jerusalem.

Six-Day War

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On 22 May 1967, President Nasser addressed his pilots at Bir Gifgafa Airfield in Sinai: "The Jews are threatening war—we say to them ahlan wa-sahlan (welcome)!"

Israeli troops examine destroyed Egyptian aircraft

Dassault Mirage at the Israeli Air Force Museum. Operation Focus was mainly conducted using French built aircraft.

Israeli reconnaissance forces from the "Shaked" unit in Sinai during the war

Major General Ariel Sharon during the Battle of Abu-Ageila

Israeli Armor of the Six-Day War: pictured here the AMX 13

An Israeli gunboat passes through the Straits of Tiran near Sharm El Sheikh.

Israeli paratroopers flush out Jordanian soldiers from trenches during the Battle of Ammunition Hill.

Silhouette of Israeli paratroops advancing on Ammunition Hill.

An Israeli airstrike near the Augusta-Victoria Hospital

David Rubinger's photograph of IDF paratroopers at Jerusalem's Western Wall shortly after its capture. The soldiers in the foreground are (from left) Zion Karasenti, Yitzhak Yifat, and Haim Oshri.

From left, General Uzi Narkiss, Defense Minister Moshe Dayan, and Chief of Staff Lt. General Yitzhak Rabin in the Old City of Jerusalem after its fall to Israeli forces

Israeli tanks advancing on the Golan Heights. June 1967

The Six-Day War (מִלְחֶמֶת שֵׁשֶׁת הַיָּמִים; النكسة or حرب 1967), also known as the June War, the 1967 Arab–Israeli War or the Third Arab–Israeli War, was an armed conflict fought from 5 to 10 June 1967 between Israel and a coalition of Arab states primarily comprising Jordan, Syria and Egypt (then known as United Arab Republic).

At the cessation of hostilities, Israel had seized the Golan Heights from Syria, the West Bank (including East Jerusalem) from Jordan, and the Gaza Strip as well as the entire Sinai Peninsula from Egypt.

Soon after this, in response to Palestine Liberation Organisation (PLO) guerilla activity, including a mine attack that left three dead, the Israeli Defence Force (IDF) attacked the village of as-Samu in the Jordanian-ruled West Bank.

Second Intifada

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Palestinian uprising against Israel.

Monument to Israeli Arab casualties in October 2000 riots, Nazareth

Dolphinarium Massacre memorial at the Tel Aviv Dolphinarium site with the names of the victims written in Russian

Military equipment confiscated from Karine A

The aftermath of a bus bombing in Haifa in 2003

Early Israeli construction of West Bank barrier, 2003

Israeli forces uncover a smuggling tunnel in Gaza, May 2004

Rocket and mortar shells from Gaza into Israel, February 2009

IDF Caterpillar D9 armoured bulldozer. Military experts cited the D9 as a key factor in keeping IDF casualties low.

The Israeli Air Force (IAF) AH-64 Apache were used as platform for shooting guided missiles at Palestinian targets and employed at the targeted killings policy against senior militants and terrorists leaders.

The iconic picture of Faris Odeh, who was killed in early November 2000, throwing a stone at an Israel Defense Forces tank in the Gaza Strip.

For their part, the Palestine Liberation Organization formally recognised Israel and committed to adopting responsibility for internal security in population centres in the areas evacuated.

While Peres had limited settlement construction at the request of US Secretary of State, Madeleine Albright, Netanyahu continued construction within existing Israeli settlements and put forward plans for the construction of a new neighbourhood, Har Homa, in East Jerusalem.

Palestinian tactics focused on Israeli civilians, soldiers, police and other security forces, and methods of attack included suicide bombings, launching rockets and mortars into Israel, kidnapping of both soldiers and civilians, including children, shootings, assassination, stabbings, stonings, and lynchings.

Israeli-occupied territories

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Area C (blue), the part of the West Bank under full Israeli control, in 2011

Greater Jerusalem, May 2006. The CIA remote sensing map showing East Jerusalem, the Green Line and Jerusalem's city limits which were unilaterally expanded by Israel, 28 June 1967, annexed by Knesset (30 July 1980), and modified and expanded in February 1992.

A military checkpoint along the route of the forthcoming West Bank Barrier, near Abu Dis

Map showing an interpretation of the borders of the Land of Israel, based on scriptural verses found in and, includes almost all of the occupied territories.

President Donald Trump signs the proclamation recognizing Israel's sovereignty over the Golan Heights, 25 March 2019

Israeli-occupied territories are the lands that were captured and occupied by Israel during the Six-Day War of 1967.

Despite the dissolution of the military government, and in line with Egyptian demands, the term Occupied Arab Territories had remained in use, referring to the West Bank (including East Jerusalem, which Israel effectively annexed in 1980), the Gaza Strip, and the Golan Heights.

Jordan occupied the West Bank, including East Jerusalem, from 1948 to 1967, annexing it in 1950 and granting Jordanian citizenship to the residents in 1954 (the annexation claims and citizenship grants were rescinded in 1988 when Jordan acknowledged the Palestine Liberation Organization (PLO) as the sole representative of the Palestinian people).