A report on Morse code, Electrical telegraph and Wireless telegraphy

Chart of the Morse code 26 letters and 10 numerals
Cooke and Wheatstone's five-needle telegraph from 1837
A US Army Signal Corps radio operator in 1943 in New Guinea transmitting by radiotelegraphy
This Morse key was originally used by Gotthard railway, later by a shortwave radio amateur
Morse Telegraph
Amateur radio operator transmitting Morse code
Single needle telegraph instrument
Hughes telegraph, an early (1855) teleprinter built by Siemens and Halske
Tesla's explanation in the 1919 issue of "Electrical Experimenter" on how he thought his wireless system would work
Telegraph key and sounder. The signal is "on" when the knob is pressed, and "off" when it is released. Length and timing of the dits and dahs are entirely controlled by the telegraphist.
Sömmering's electric telegraph in 1809
Thomas Edison's 1891 patent for a ship-to-shore wireless telegraph that used electrostatic induction
Morse code receiver, recording on paper tape
Revolving alphanumeric dial created by Francis Ronalds as part of his electric telegraph (1816)
Example of transatlantic radiotelegraph message recorded on paper tape at RCA's New York receiving center in 1920. The translation of the Morse code is given below the tape.
Comparison of historical versions of Morse code with the current standard. Left: Later American Morse code from 1844. Center: The modified and rationalized version used by Friedrich Gerke on German railways. Right: Current ITU standard.
Pavel Schilling, an early pioneer of electrical telegraphy
In World War I balloons were used as a quick way to raise wire antennas for military field radiotelegraph stations. Balloons at Tempelhofer Field, Germany, 1908.
A U.S. Navy Morse Code training class in 2015. The sailors will use their new skills to collect signals intelligence.
Diagram of alphabet used in a 5-needle Cooke and Wheatstone Telegraph, indicating the letter G
Guglielmo Marconi, the father of radio-based wireless telegraphy, in 1901, with one of his first wireless transmitters (right) and receivers (left)
A commercially manufactured iambic paddle used in conjunction with an electronic keyer to generate high-speed Morse code, the timing of which is controlled by the electronic keyer.
Morse key and sounder
German troops erecting a wireless field telegraph station during World War I
A U.S. Navy signalman sends Morse code signals in 2005.
GWR Cooke and Wheatstone double needle telegraph instrument
German officers and troops manning a wireless field telegraph station during World War I
Cayo Largo Del Sur VOR-DME.
A magneto-powered Wheatstone A. B. C. telegraph with the horizontal "communicator" dial, the inclined "indicator" dial and crank handle for the magneto that generated the electrical signal.
Mobile radio station in German South West Africa, using a hydrogen balloon to lift the antenna
Vibroplex brand semiautomatic key (generically called a "bug"). The paddle, when pressed to the right by the thumb, generates a series of dits, the length and timing of which are controlled by a sliding weight toward the rear of the unit. When pressed to the left by the knuckle of the index finger, the paddle generates a single dah, the length of which is controlled by the operator. Multiple dahs require multiple presses. Left-handed operators use a key built as a mirror image of this one.
Professor Morse sending the message – WHAT HATH GOD WROUGHT on 24 May 1844
Representation of Morse code.
Foy–Breguet telegraph displaying the letter "Q"
Graphical representation of the dichotomic search table. The graph branches left for each dot and right for each dash until the character representation is exhausted.
Wheatstone automated telegraph network equipment
Scout movement founder Baden-Powell's mnemonic chart from 1918
A Baudot keyboard, 1884
Phelps' Electro-motor Printing Telegraph from circa 1880, the last and most advanced telegraphy mechanism designed by George May Phelps
A Creed Model 7 teleprinter in 1930
Teletype Model 33 ASR (Automatic Send and Receive)
Major telegraph lines in 1891
The Eastern Telegraph Company network in 1901
German Lorenz SZ42 teleprinter attachment (left) and Lorenz military teleprinter (right) at The National Museum of Computing on Bletchley Park, England

Wireless telegraphy or radiotelegraphy is transmission of telegraph signals by radio waves.

- Wireless telegraphy

Morse code is named after Samuel Morse, one of the inventors of the telegraph.

- Morse code

In radiotelegraphy, information is transmitted by pulses of radio waves of two different lengths called "dots" and "dashes", which spell out text messages, usually in Morse code.

- Wireless telegraphy

At the sending station, an operator would tap on a switch called a telegraph key, spelling out text messages in Morse code.

- Electrical telegraph

By 1928, when the first airplane flight was made by the Southern Cross from California to Australia, one of its four crewmen was a radio operator who communicated with ground stations via radio telegraph.

- Morse code

Resistance movements in occupied Europe sabotaged communications facilities such as telegraph lines, forcing the Germans to use wireless telegraphy, which could then be intercepted by Britain.

- Electrical telegraph
Chart of the Morse code 26 letters and 10 numerals

2 related topics with Alpha

Overall
Replica of Claude Chappe's optical telegraph on the Litermont near Nalbach, Germany

Telegraphy

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Long-distance transmission of messages where the sender uses symbolic codes, known to the recipient, rather than a physical exchange of an object bearing the message.

Long-distance transmission of messages where the sender uses symbolic codes, known to the recipient, rather than a physical exchange of an object bearing the message.

Replica of Claude Chappe's optical telegraph on the Litermont near Nalbach, Germany
Great Wall of China
Schematic of a Prussian optical telegraph (or semaphore) tower, c. 1835
19th-century demonstration of the semaphore
Cooke and Wheatstone's five-needle, six-wire telegraph (1837)
A Morse key (c. 1900)
An early Cooke and Wheatstone double-needle railway telegraph instrument at the National Railway Museum
A block signalling instrument as used in Britain in the 20th century
Australian troops using a Mance mk.V heliograph in the Western Desert in November 1940
US Forest Service lookout using a Colomb shutter type heliograph in 1912 at the end of a telephone line
A Baudot keyboard, 1884
A Creed Model 7 teleprinter, 1931
Creed paper tape reader at The National Museum of Computing
The first message is received by the Submarine Telegraph Company in London from Paris on the Foy–Breguet instrument in 1851. The equipment in the background is a Cooke and Wheatstone set for onward transmission.
The Eastern Telegraph Company network in 1901
Alexander Bain's facsimile machine, 1850
Marconi watching associates raising the kite (a "Levitor" by B.F.S. Baden-Powell ) used to lift the antenna at St. John's, Newfoundland, December 1901
Post Office Engineers inspect the Marconi Company's equipment at Flat Holm, May 1897
Western Union telegram (1930)
ITT Creed Model 23B teleprinter with telex dial-up facility
An illustration declaring that the submarine cable between England and France would bring those countries peace and goodwill

The electric telegraph started to replace the optical telegraph in the mid-19th century.

The Morse system was adopted as the international standard in 1865, using a modified Morse code developed in Germany in 1848.

Wireless telegraphy developed in the early 20th century became important for maritime use, and was a competitor to electrical telegraphy using submarine telegraph cables in international communications.

A straight key style of telegraph key – model J-38, a key used by U.S. military during World War II, and frequently re-used by radio amateurs

Telegraph key

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A straight key style of telegraph key – model J-38, a key used by U.S. military during World War II, and frequently re-used by radio amateurs
a Wright Brothers telegraph key (missing its knob)
A Morse Key from G. Hasler, Bern (1900)
Early "bug" telegraph key invented in 1913 by Weston Hadden
Electronic dual paddle keyer (homemade in 1972)

A telegraph key is a specialized electrical switch used by a trained operator to transmit text messages in Morse code in a telegraphy system.

Keys are used in all forms of electrical telegraph systems, including landline (also called wire) telegraphy and "wireless" and radio (also called wireless) telegraphy.