A report on Electrical telegraph and Samuel Morse

Cooke and Wheatstone's five-needle telegraph from 1837
Samuel Finley Breese Morse, ca 1845 LOC
Morse Telegraph
Birthplace of Morse, Charlestown, Massachusetts, c. 1898 photo
Hughes telegraph, an early (1855) teleprinter built by Siemens and Halske
Daguerreotype of Samuel Morse Professor of Art while at NYU in 1839. One of the earliest existing American photographs by Dr John William Draper
Sömmering's electric telegraph in 1809
Self-portrait of Morse in 1812 (National Portrait Gallery)
Revolving alphanumeric dial created by Francis Ronalds as part of his electric telegraph (1816)
Dying Hercules, Morse's early masterpiece
Pavel Schilling, an early pioneer of electrical telegraphy
Jonas Platt, New York politician, by Morse. Oil on canvas, 1828, Brooklyn Museum.
Diagram of alphabet used in a 5-needle Cooke and Wheatstone Telegraph, indicating the letter G
The House of Representatives. Oil on canvass, 1822, National Gallery of Art.
Morse key and sounder
Morse maintained a studio at 94 Tradd St., Charleston, South Carolina, for a short period.
GWR Cooke and Wheatstone double needle telegraph instrument
A magneto-powered Wheatstone A. B. C. telegraph with the horizontal "communicator" dial, the inclined "indicator" dial and crank handle for the magneto that generated the electrical signal.
Portrait of Marquis de Lafayette
Professor Morse sending the message – WHAT HATH GOD WROUGHT on 24 May 1844
Portrait of Lafayette
Foy–Breguet telegraph displaying the letter "Q"
Original Samuel Morse telegraph
Wheatstone automated telegraph network equipment
Leonard Gale, who helped Morse achieve the technological breakthrough of getting the telegraphic signal to travel long distances over wire
A Baudot keyboard, 1884
Plaque at the first telegraph office
Phelps' Electro-motor Printing Telegraph from circa 1880, the last and most advanced telegraphy mechanism designed by George May Phelps
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A Creed Model 7 teleprinter in 1930
Cover of Foreign Conspiracy Against the Liberties of the United States by Samuel F.B. Morse, 1835 edition
Teletype Model 33 ASR (Automatic Send and Receive)
Morse's "repeater" circuit for telegraphy was the basis for the Supreme Court's holding some claims of Morse's patent valid.
Major telegraph lines in 1891
Effect of repeaters
The Eastern Telegraph Company network in 1901
Portrait of Samuel F. B. Morse taken by Mathew Brady, in 1866. Medals worn (from wearer's right to left, top row): Nichan Iftikhar (Ottoman); Order of the Tower and Sword (Portugal); Order of the Dannebrog (Denmark); cross of the Order of Isabella the Catholic (Spain); Legion of Honour (France); Order of Saints Maurice and Lazarus (Italy). Bottom row: Grand cross of the Order of Isabella the Catholic (Spain)
German Lorenz SZ42 teleprinter attachment (left) and Lorenz military teleprinter (right) at The National Museum of Computing on Bletchley Park, England
Statue of Samuel F. B. Morse by Byron M. Picket, New York's Central Park, dedicated 1871
Morse was honored on the US Famous Americans Series postal issue of 1940.
Coat of Arms of Samuel Morse
Captain Demaresque of Gloucester, Massachusetts, Princeton University Art Museum
Portrait of John Adams
The Gallery of the Louvre 1831–33
Portrait of James Monroe, 5th President of the United States (c. 1819)
Eli Whitney, inventor, 1822. Yale University Art Gallery
Chart of Colors, drawn to illustrate his palette of colors

After having established his reputation as a portrait painter, in his middle age Morse contributed to the invention of a single-wire telegraph system based on European telegraphs.

- Samuel Morse

The archetype of this category was the Morse system, invented by Samuel Morse in 1838, using a single wire.

- Electrical telegraph
Cooke and Wheatstone's five-needle telegraph from 1837

6 related topics with Alpha

Overall
Chart of the Morse code 26 letters and 10 numerals

Morse code

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Method used in telecommunication to encode text characters as standardized sequences of two different signal durations, called dots and dashes, or dits and dahs.

Method used in telecommunication to encode text characters as standardized sequences of two different signal durations, called dots and dashes, or dits and dahs.

Chart of the Morse code 26 letters and 10 numerals
This Morse key was originally used by Gotthard railway, later by a shortwave radio amateur
Single needle telegraph instrument
Telegraph key and sounder. The signal is "on" when the knob is pressed, and "off" when it is released. Length and timing of the dits and dahs are entirely controlled by the telegraphist.
Morse code receiver, recording on paper tape
Comparison of historical versions of Morse code with the current standard. Left: Later American Morse code from 1844. Center: The modified and rationalized version used by Friedrich Gerke on German railways. Right: Current ITU standard.
A U.S. Navy Morse Code training class in 2015. The sailors will use their new skills to collect signals intelligence.
A commercially manufactured iambic paddle used in conjunction with an electronic keyer to generate high-speed Morse code, the timing of which is controlled by the electronic keyer.
A U.S. Navy signalman sends Morse code signals in 2005.
Cayo Largo Del Sur VOR-DME.
Vibroplex brand semiautomatic key (generically called a "bug"). The paddle, when pressed to the right by the thumb, generates a series of dits, the length and timing of which are controlled by a sliding weight toward the rear of the unit. When pressed to the left by the knuckle of the index finger, the paddle generates a single dah, the length of which is controlled by the operator. Multiple dahs require multiple presses. Left-handed operators use a key built as a mirror image of this one.
Representation of Morse code.
Graphical representation of the dichotomic search table. The graph branches left for each dot and right for each dash until the character representation is exhausted.
Scout movement founder Baden-Powell's mnemonic chart from 1918

Morse code is named after Samuel Morse, one of the inventors of the telegraph.

Replica of Claude Chappe's optical telegraph on the Litermont near Nalbach, Germany

Telegraphy

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Long-distance transmission of messages where the sender uses symbolic codes, known to the recipient, rather than a physical exchange of an object bearing the message.

Long-distance transmission of messages where the sender uses symbolic codes, known to the recipient, rather than a physical exchange of an object bearing the message.

Replica of Claude Chappe's optical telegraph on the Litermont near Nalbach, Germany
Great Wall of China
Schematic of a Prussian optical telegraph (or semaphore) tower, c. 1835
19th-century demonstration of the semaphore
Cooke and Wheatstone's five-needle, six-wire telegraph (1837)
A Morse key (c. 1900)
An early Cooke and Wheatstone double-needle railway telegraph instrument at the National Railway Museum
A block signalling instrument as used in Britain in the 20th century
Australian troops using a Mance mk.V heliograph in the Western Desert in November 1940
US Forest Service lookout using a Colomb shutter type heliograph in 1912 at the end of a telephone line
A Baudot keyboard, 1884
A Creed Model 7 teleprinter, 1931
Creed paper tape reader at The National Museum of Computing
The first message is received by the Submarine Telegraph Company in London from Paris on the Foy–Breguet instrument in 1851. The equipment in the background is a Cooke and Wheatstone set for onward transmission.
The Eastern Telegraph Company network in 1901
Alexander Bain's facsimile machine, 1850
Marconi watching associates raising the kite (a "Levitor" by B.F.S. Baden-Powell ) used to lift the antenna at St. John's, Newfoundland, December 1901
Post Office Engineers inspect the Marconi Company's equipment at Flat Holm, May 1897
Western Union telegram (1930)
ITT Creed Model 23B teleprinter with telex dial-up facility
An illustration declaring that the submarine cable between England and France would bring those countries peace and goodwill

The electric telegraph started to replace the optical telegraph in the mid-19th century.

This was quickly followed by a different system developed in the United States by Samuel Morse.

Joseph Henry

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American scientist who served as the first Secretary of the Smithsonian Institution.

American scientist who served as the first Secretary of the Smithsonian Institution.

Signature
Historical marker in Academy Park (Albany) commemorating Henry's work with electricity.
Henry, taken between 1865 and 1878, possibly by Mathew Brady.
Henry's grave, Oak Hill Cemetery, Washington, D.C.
Statue of Henry in front of the Smithsonian Institution
A bronze statue of Henry stands on the rotunda of the U.S. Library of Congress.

His work on the electromagnetic relay was the basis of the practical electrical telegraph, invented by Samuel F. B. Morse and Sir Charles Wheatstone, separately.

A relay

Relay

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Electrically operated switch.

Electrically operated switch.

A relay
Electromechanical relay schematic showing a control coil, four pairs of normally open and one pair of normally closed contacts
An automotive-style miniature relay with the dust cover taken off
Telegraph relay contacts and spring
Simple electromechanical relay
Operation without flyback diode, arcing causes degradation of the switch contacts
Operation with flyback diode, arcing in the control circuit is avoided
A small cradle relay often used in electronics. The "cradle" term refers to the shape of the relay's armature
Circuit symbols of relays (C denotes the common terminal in SPDT and DPDT types.)
Latching relay with permanent magnet
A mercury-wetted reed relay
(from top) Single-pole reed switch, four-pole reed switch and single-pole reed relay. Scale in centimeters
Solid-state relays have no moving parts.
25 A and 40 A solid state contactors
A DPDT AC coil relay with "ice cube" packaging
Part of a relay interlocking using UK Q-style miniature plug-in relays
Several 30-contact relays in "Connector" circuits in mid-20th century 1XB switch and 5XB switch telephone exchanges; cover removed on one.

Relays were first used in long-distance telegraph circuits as signal repeaters: they refresh the signal coming in from one circuit by transmitting it on another circuit.

However, an official patent wasn't issued until 1840 to Samuel Morse for his telegraph, which is now called a relay.

January 22, 1848 map in New York Herald showing extent of existing and planned North American telegraph lines. At this time, the service area for the United States reached Petersburg, Virginia in the south, Portland, Maine in the northeast, Cleveland, Ohio in the northwest, and as far west as East St. Louis, Illinois. In Canada, lines reached from Hamilton, Ontario to Quebec City, and linked to the United States via Buffalo, New York.

Timeline of North American telegraphy

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January 22, 1848 map in New York Herald showing extent of existing and planned North American telegraph lines. At this time, the service area for the United States reached Petersburg, Virginia in the south, Portland, Maine in the northeast, Cleveland, Ohio in the northwest, and as far west as East St. Louis, Illinois. In Canada, lines reached from Hamilton, Ontario to Quebec City, and linked to the United States via Buffalo, New York.
The Speedwell Ironworks, site of Morse's 1838 telegraph demonstration.
Samuel Morse in 1845.
The first telegraph office
November 14, 1845 report in New York Herald on telegraph lines coming into operation.
Map shows extent of operational lines by the end of 1846. At the start of the year, there were only four short lines in operation: the original Baltimore-D.C. line, the Buffalo-Lockport line, a short stretch in Philadelphia, and the New York-Coney Island line. By year's end, lines ran from Washington to Boston, west to Pittsburgh, and north from New York City to Albany and west to Buffalo. Rapid expansion was continuing.
Depiction of the construction of the first Transcontinental Telegraph, with a Pony Express rider passing below.

The timeline of North American telegraphy is a chronology of notable events in the history of electric telegraphy in the United States and Canada, including the rapid spread of telegraphic communications starting from 1844 and completion of the first transcontinental telegraph line in 1861.

Sept 1837: Samuel Morse files for a patent for his electrical telegraph in the United States.

The Factory House, birthplace of the Morse electric telegraph

Speedwell Ironworks

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Ironworks in Speedwell Village, on Speedwell Avenue , just north of downtown Morristown, in Morris County, New Jersey, United States.

Ironworks in Speedwell Village, on Speedwell Avenue , just north of downtown Morristown, in Morris County, New Jersey, United States.

The Factory House, birthplace of the Morse electric telegraph
A picture of Speedwell Park, a public park situated on land that used to be the Speedwell Ironworks.

At this site Alfred Vail and Samuel Morse first demonstrated their electric telegraph.