A report on Electrical telegraph

Cooke and Wheatstone's five-needle telegraph from 1837
Morse Telegraph
Hughes telegraph, an early (1855) teleprinter built by Siemens and Halske
Sömmering's electric telegraph in 1809
Revolving alphanumeric dial created by Francis Ronalds as part of his electric telegraph (1816)
Pavel Schilling, an early pioneer of electrical telegraphy
Diagram of alphabet used in a 5-needle Cooke and Wheatstone Telegraph, indicating the letter G
Morse key and sounder
GWR Cooke and Wheatstone double needle telegraph instrument
A magneto-powered Wheatstone A. B. C. telegraph with the horizontal "communicator" dial, the inclined "indicator" dial and crank handle for the magneto that generated the electrical signal.
Professor Morse sending the message – WHAT HATH GOD WROUGHT on 24 May 1844
Foy–Breguet telegraph displaying the letter "Q"
Wheatstone automated telegraph network equipment
A Baudot keyboard, 1884
Phelps' Electro-motor Printing Telegraph from circa 1880, the last and most advanced telegraphy mechanism designed by George May Phelps
A Creed Model 7 teleprinter in 1930
Teletype Model 33 ASR (Automatic Send and Receive)
Major telegraph lines in 1891
The Eastern Telegraph Company network in 1901
German Lorenz SZ42 teleprinter attachment (left) and Lorenz military teleprinter (right) at The National Museum of Computing on Bletchley Park, England

Point-to-point text messaging system, used from the 1840s until the late 20th century when it was slowly replaced by other telecommunication systems.

- Electrical telegraph
Cooke and Wheatstone's five-needle telegraph from 1837

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The Factory House, birthplace of the Morse electric telegraph

Speedwell Ironworks

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Ironworks in Speedwell Village, on Speedwell Avenue , just north of downtown Morristown, in Morris County, New Jersey, United States.

Ironworks in Speedwell Village, on Speedwell Avenue , just north of downtown Morristown, in Morris County, New Jersey, United States.

The Factory House, birthplace of the Morse electric telegraph
A picture of Speedwell Park, a public park situated on land that used to be the Speedwell Ironworks.

At this site Alfred Vail and Samuel Morse first demonstrated their electric telegraph.

Alexander Bain (inventor)

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Scottish inventor and engineer who was first to invent and patent the electric clock.

Scottish inventor and engineer who was first to invent and patent the electric clock.

Commemorative plaque at Bain's past Edinburgh workshop.
Electric clock, Alexander Bain, London, ca. 1845 (Deutsches Uhrenmuseum, Inv. 2004–162)
A commemorative plaque to Bain at his former workshop on Hanover Street in Edinburgh.

The most significant idea incorporated in the patent was his plan for inverting the needle telegraph earlier developed by Ampere, Wheatstone and others: instead of making signals by a pivoted magnetic needle under the influence of an electromagnet, he made them by suspending a movable coil between the poles of a fixed magnet.

The first telegram. Professor Samuel Morse sending the dispatch as dictated by Miss Annie Ellsworth

Baltimore–Washington telegraph line

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The first telegram. Professor Samuel Morse sending the dispatch as dictated by Miss Annie Ellsworth
Text of the first telegraph message sent by Samuel F. B. Morse. Presented to Miss Annie G. Ellsworth, daughter of Henry Leavitt Ellsworth. Annie's ink tracing over Morse's pencilled letters. Gift to Library of Congress by Mrs. George Inness, daughter of Annie Ellsworth
Maryland state historical marker inaccurately claiming the first telegraph message, located between US Highway 1 and railroad tracks in Beltsville, Maryland.

The Baltimore–Washington telegraph line was the first long-distance telegraph system set up to run overland in the United States.

Monument in downtown Salt Lake City, Utah, marking the approximate location where the first transcontinental telegraph line was completed.

First transcontinental telegraph

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Line that connected the existing telegraph network in the eastern United States to a small network in California, by means of a link between Omaha, Nebraska and Carson City, Nevada, via Salt Lake City.

Line that connected the existing telegraph network in the eastern United States to a small network in California, by means of a link between Omaha, Nebraska and Carson City, Nevada, via Salt Lake City.

Monument in downtown Salt Lake City, Utah, marking the approximate location where the first transcontinental telegraph line was completed.
Route of the first transcontinental telegraph

After the development of efficient telegraph systems in the 1830s, their use saw almost explosive growth in the 1840s.

Kelmscott House

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Grade II* listed Georgian brick mansion at 26 Upper Mall in Hammersmith, overlooking the River Thames.

Grade II* listed Georgian brick mansion at 26 Upper Mall in Hammersmith, overlooking the River Thames.

In 1816, he built the first electric telegraph in its garden.

Utility pole supporting wires for electrical power distribution, coaxial cable for cable television, and telephone cable. A pair of shoes can be seen hanging from the wires (center-left, far right)

Utility pole

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Column or post typically made out of wood used to support overhead power lines and various other public utilities, such as electrical cable, fiber optic cable, and related equipment such as transformers and street lights.

Column or post typically made out of wood used to support overhead power lines and various other public utilities, such as electrical cable, fiber optic cable, and related equipment such as transformers and street lights.

Utility pole supporting wires for electrical power distribution, coaxial cable for cable television, and telephone cable. A pair of shoes can be seen hanging from the wires (center-left, far right)
Wooden electricity poles in Germany. In central Europe, lines usually run just straight across fields, rows of poles accompanying roads are quite rare.
Steel utility pole in Darwin, Australia
Typical North American utility pole, showing hardware for a residential 240/120 V split-phase service drop: (A,B,C) 3-phase primary distribution wires, (D) neutral wire, (E) fuse cutout, (F) lightning arrestor, (G) single-phase distribution transformer, (H) ground wire to transformer case, (J) "triplex" service drop cable carries secondary current to customer, (K) telephone and cable television cables
A joint-use utility pole in China
Standard arrangement for telephone poles
Head of a 400 V pole in Switzerland. In Europe, insulators usually were attached directly at the pole.
Several power poles made of concrete
Pre-apprentice lineman class climbing telephone poles
Example of dead-end riser poles
From 1923, the oldest utility pole in Japan, still in use in the city of Hakodate.
Utility poles seen outside the Gardner Building, in Toledo, Ohio, 1895
Poles in Ottawa, Ontario, Canada
Brandings on a pole in Salisbury, Maryland, United States
The tags on a Delmarva Power subtransmission pole located in Crisfield, Maryland, United States. The faded tag reads "733"
A utility pole replacement in Saugus, Massachusetts, United States
Tag and marking on the bottom of a wooden utility pole before it is installed
Telegraph pole with spars, insulators and open wires on a now decommissioned Railway Pole Route, Eccles Road, Norfolk, United Kingdom
A railway telegraph pole beside a railway bridge on the former railway line between Portadown and Dungannon in Northern Ireland.
White storks (Ciconia ciconia) in their nest on a utility pole in rural Romania
Utility pole diagram
Markings on a BT post

Cooke was the driving force in establishing the electrical telegraph on a commercial basis.

Stephenson in 1856

Robert Stephenson

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English civil engineer and designer of locomotives.

English civil engineer and designer of locomotives.

Stephenson in 1856
Dial Cottage, Killingworth, where Robert grew up. The sundial installed by Robert and his father can be seen above the front door.
The opening of the Stockton and Darlington Railway in 1825
Robert's cottage at Santa Ana
The incline and stationary steam engine chimneys at Camden Town.
Robert Stephenson & Co. works in Newcastle
An Illustrated London News cartoon showing passengers changing trains at Gloucester
The Dee bridge after the collapse
The original box section Britannia Bridge, circa 1852.
The High Level Bridge in Newcastle
The first Titania in 1850, as reported by the Illustrated London News
Statue of Robert Stephenson outside Euston station

Charles Wheatstone, Robert's friend, installed the first electric telegraph between Euston Square and Camden Town stations in autumn 1837.

The Lorenz SZ42 machine with its covers removed. Bletchley Park museum

Lorenz cipher

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The Lorenz SZ40, SZ42a and SZ42b were German rotor stream cipher machines used by the German Army during World War II.

The Lorenz SZ40, SZ42a and SZ42b were German rotor stream cipher machines used by the German Army during World War II.

The Lorenz SZ42 machine with its covers removed. Bletchley Park museum
The Lorenz SZ machines had 12 wheels each with a different number of cams (or "pins").
Cams on wheels 9 and 10 showing their raised (active) and lowered (inactive) positions. An active cam reversed the value of a bit (0→1 and 1→0).
A rebuilt British Tunny at The National Museum of Computing, Bletchley Park. It emulated the functions of the Lorenz SZ40/42, producing printed cleartext from ciphertext input.
A team led by Tony Sale (right) reconstructed a Colossus (Mark II) at Bletchley Park. Here, in 2006, Sale supervises the breaking of an enciphered message with the completed machine.
A Tunny (Lorenz) machine on display at the National Cryptologic Museum, Fort Meade, Maryland, USA

British cryptanalysts, who referred to encrypted German teleprinter traffic as Fish, dubbed the machine and its traffic Tunny (meaning tunafish) and deduced its logical structure three years before they saw such a machine.

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All Red Line

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The All Red Line was an informal name for the system of electrical telegraphs that linked much of the British Empire.

Patent drawing of Edison's Quaduplex

Quadruplex telegraph

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Patent drawing of Edison's Quaduplex

The Quadruplex telegraph is a type of electrical telegraph which allows a total of four separate signals to be transmitted and received on a single wire at the same time (two signals in each direction).