A report on Electrical telegraph

Cooke and Wheatstone's five-needle telegraph from 1837
Morse Telegraph
Hughes telegraph, an early (1855) teleprinter built by Siemens and Halske
Sömmering's electric telegraph in 1809
Revolving alphanumeric dial created by Francis Ronalds as part of his electric telegraph (1816)
Pavel Schilling, an early pioneer of electrical telegraphy
Diagram of alphabet used in a 5-needle Cooke and Wheatstone Telegraph, indicating the letter G
Morse key and sounder
GWR Cooke and Wheatstone double needle telegraph instrument
A magneto-powered Wheatstone A. B. C. telegraph with the horizontal "communicator" dial, the inclined "indicator" dial and crank handle for the magneto that generated the electrical signal.
Professor Morse sending the message – WHAT HATH GOD WROUGHT on 24 May 1844
Foy–Breguet telegraph displaying the letter "Q"
Wheatstone automated telegraph network equipment
A Baudot keyboard, 1884
Phelps' Electro-motor Printing Telegraph from circa 1880, the last and most advanced telegraphy mechanism designed by George May Phelps
A Creed Model 7 teleprinter in 1930
Teletype Model 33 ASR (Automatic Send and Receive)
Major telegraph lines in 1891
The Eastern Telegraph Company network in 1901
German Lorenz SZ42 teleprinter attachment (left) and Lorenz military teleprinter (right) at The National Museum of Computing on Bletchley Park, England

Point-to-point text messaging system, used from the 1840s until the late 20th century when it was slowly replaced by other telecommunication systems.

- Electrical telegraph
Cooke and Wheatstone's five-needle telegraph from 1837

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Atlantic Telegraph Company

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Telegraph Construction and Maintenance Company works, at Enderbys Wharf,

The Atlantic Telegraph Company was a company formed on 6 November 1856 to undertake and exploit a commercial telegraph cable across the Atlantic ocean, the first such telecommunications link.

Schematic of a wave moving rightward down a lossless two-wire transmission line. Black dots represent electrons, and the arrows show the electric field.

Transmission line

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Specialized cable or other structure designed to conduct electromagnetic waves in a contained manner.

Specialized cable or other structure designed to conduct electromagnetic waves in a contained manner.

Schematic of a wave moving rightward down a lossless two-wire transmission line. Black dots represent electrons, and the arrows show the electric field.
One of the most common types of transmission line, coaxial cable.
Variations on the schematic electronic symbol for a transmission line.
A transmission line is drawn as two black wires. At a distance x into the line, there is current I(x) travelling through each wire, and there is a voltage difference V(x) between the wires. If the current and voltage come from a single wave (with no reflection), then V(x) / I(x) = Z0, where Z0 is the characteristic impedance of the line.
Standing waves on a transmission line with an open-circuit load (top), and a short-circuit load (bottom). Black dots represent electrons, and the arrows show the electric field.
A type of transmission line called a cage line, used for high power, low frequency applications. It functions similarly to a large coaxial cable. This example is the antenna feed line for a longwave radio transmitter in Poland, which operates at a frequency of 225 kHz and a power of 1200 kW.
A simple example of stepped transmission line consisting of three segments.

However, the theory of transmission lines was historically developed to explain phenomena on very long telegraph lines, especially submarine telegraph cables.

Peter Barlow

Peter Barlow (mathematician)

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English mathematician and physicist.

English mathematician and physicist.

Peter Barlow
Essay on magnetic attractions, and on the laws of terrestrial and electro magnetism, 1824
Peter Barlow FRS – gravestone in Charlton Cemetery, London SE7

Barlow investigated a suggestion made by André-Marie Ampère in 1820 that an electromagnetic telegraph could be made by deflecting a compass needle with an electric current.

Multiple low data rate signals are multiplexed over a single high data rate link, then demultiplexed at the other end

Multiplexing

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Method by which multiple analog or digital signals are combined into one signal over a shared medium.

Method by which multiple analog or digital signals are combined into one signal over a shared medium.

Multiple low data rate signals are multiplexed over a single high data rate link, then demultiplexed at the other end
Frequency-division multiplexing (FDM): The spectrum of each input signal is shifted to a distinct frequency range.
One stream, one color, light waves, in WDM.
Time-division multiplexing (TDM).
Telecommunication multiplexing

The earliest communication technology using electrical wires, and therefore sharing an interest in the economies afforded by multiplexing, was the electric telegraph.

Portrait by Wendelin Moosbrugger

Samuel Thomas von Sömmerring

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German physician, anatomist, anthropologist, paleontologist and inventor.

German physician, anatomist, anthropologist, paleontologist and inventor.

Portrait by Wendelin Moosbrugger
Portrait by Karl Thelott

In addition, Sömmerring was a very creative inventor, having designed a telescope for astronomical observations and an electrical telegraph in 1809.

US Army Signal Corps coat of arms

Signal Corps (United States Army)

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Branch of the United States Army that creates and manages communications and information systems for the command and control of combined arms forces.

Branch of the United States Army that creates and manages communications and information systems for the command and control of combined arms forces.

US Army Signal Corps coat of arms
Standard Issue Civil War Signal Corps Kit, complete with flags and torches.
Click photo to enlarge for history of the wigwag.
US Army Signal Corps automobile at the Manassas maneuvers in 1904
First military assigned to the Army Signal Corps' ballooning program
World War II recruitment poster (1942)
Radio operator Cpl. John Robbins, 41st Signal, 41st Infantry Division, operating his SCR 188 in a sandbagged hut at Station NYU. Dobodura, New Guinea on 9 May 1943.
Argosy Lemal c. 1940, one of two Australian vessels acquired by the SWPA chief signal officer for the SWPA CP fleet.
SC345199 – Korean War Equipment at Repeater Station, Taegu, Korea. Quad cable terminal on left, testboard on right and center on 1 August 1950.
A Combat Documentation Specialist of the 1108th Signal Brigade documents 10th Mountain Division soldiers as they search a mountainside near Shkin Firebase in late 2003.
The Signal Corps Regimental Color

Myer's Civil War innovations included an unsuccessful balloon experiment at First Bull Run, and, in response to McClellan's desire for a Signal Corps field telegraph train, an electric telegraph in the form of the Beardslee magnetoelectric telegraph machine.

Moritz Hermann von Jacobi

Moritz von Jacobi

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Prussian and Russian Imperial engineer and physicist of Jewish descent.

Prussian and Russian Imperial engineer and physicist of Jewish descent.

Moritz Hermann von Jacobi
Circuit Diagram
Von Jacobi's tomb, from wife and children

He also worked on the development of the electric telegraph.

Portrait of Gauss by Christian Albrecht Jensen (1840)

Carl Friedrich Gauss

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German mathematician and physicist who made significant contributions to many fields in mathematics and science.

German mathematician and physicist who made significant contributions to many fields in mathematics and science.

Portrait of Gauss by Christian Albrecht Jensen (1840)
Statue of Gauss at his birthplace, Brunswick
Gauss's diary entry related to sum of triangular numbers (1796)
Gauss on his deathbed (1855)
Gauss's gravesite at Albani Cemetery in Göttingen, Germany
Gauss's daughter Therese (1816–1864)
Title page of Gauss's magnum opus, Disquisitiones Arithmeticae
Portrait of Gauss published in Astronomische Nachrichten (1828)
Four normal distributions
Survey marker stone in Garlste (now Garlstedt)
Back of German 10-Deutsche Mark Banknote (1993; discontinued) featuring the heliotrope and a section of the triangulation network carried out by Gauss, in which this instrument was used.
German 10-Deutsche Mark Banknote (1993; discontinued) featuring Gauss

They constructed the first electromechanical telegraph in 1833, which connected the observatory with the institute for physics in Göttingen.

A Lorenz SZ42 cipher machine with its covers removed at The National Museum of Computing on Bletchley Park

Cryptanalysis of the Lorenz cipher

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The process that enabled the British to read high-level German army messages during World War II.

The process that enabled the British to read high-level German army messages during World War II.

A Lorenz SZ42 cipher machine with its covers removed at The National Museum of Computing on Bletchley Park
A length of tape, 12 mm wide, produced by an undulator similar to those used during the Second World War for intercepted 'Tunny' wireless telegraphic traffic at Knockholt, for translation into ITA2 characters to be sent to Bletchley Park
A typical distribution of letters in English language text. Inadequate encipherment may not sufficiently mask the non-uniform nature of the distribution. This property was exploited in cryptanalysis of the Lorenz cipher by weakening part of the key.
A rebuilt British Tunny at the National Museum of Computing, Bletchley Park. It emulated the functions of the Lorenz SZ40/42, producing printed cleartext from ciphertext input.
A Mark 2 Colossus computer. The Wren operators are (left to right) Dorothy Du Boisson and Elsie Booker. The slanted control panel on the left was used to set the pin patterns on the Lorenz. The "bedstead" paper tape transport is on the right.
In 1994, a team led by Tony Sale (right) began a reconstruction of a Mark 2 Colossus at Bletchley Park. Here, in 2006, Sale and Phil Hayes supervise the solving of an enciphered message with the completed machine.

For its high-level secret messages, the German armed services enciphered each character using various online Geheimschreiber (secret writer) stream cipher machines at both ends of a telegraph link using the 5-bit International Telegraphy Alphabet No. 2 (ITA2).

The interior of Brunel's train-shed at Temple Meads, the first Bristol terminus of the GWR, from an engraving by J. C. Bourne.

Great Western Railway

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British railway company that linked London with the southwest and west of England, the West Midlands and most of Wales.

British railway company that linked London with the southwest and west of England, the West Midlands and most of Wales.

The interior of Brunel's train-shed at Temple Meads, the first Bristol terminus of the GWR, from an engraving by J. C. Bourne.
The Sonning Cutting in 1846
Route of the Great Western Railway on Cheffin's Map, 1850. The sweep to the north from Reading is clearly seen.
A broad-gauge train on mixed-gauge track
New corridor coaches on the Cornish Riviera Express
1923 saw the construction of the first of 171 Castle Class locomotives
Map of the system circa 1930
Maidenhead Railway Bridge
The Cheltenham Flyer was a GWR 'book for boys of all ages'.
One of the first road motors working a service from to The Lizard
Broad gauge Iron Duke Class locomotive Hirondelle, built in 1848
A coach in the chocolate and cream livery used from 1922
A GWR goods van in the grey livery used from about 1904. This one has end doors to allow motor cars to be loaded.
Baulk road track
Disc and crossbar signal
1934 camp coach brochure
Rain, Steam and Speed - The Great Western Railway, by Turner.
The Railway Station
A GWR seat at
The pedestrian crossing at Cockwood Steps, on the South Devon Main Line, retains a gate with GWR spear-type railings
The nameplate on First Great Western power car 43185
Isambard Kingdom Brunel's statue at Paddington station
A display commemorating Daniel Gooch at the National Railway Museum
Iron Duke's tender: Holly green with pea green lining
City of Truro: Middle Chrome green, orange lining and red frames
Nunney Castle: Middle Chrome green, orange lining and black frames
3850: Middle Chrome green, black frames but no lining

The world's first commercial telegraph line was installed along the 13 mi from Paddington to West Drayton and came into operation on 9 April 1839.