A report on Faraday's law of induction, Electromagnetic induction and Transformer

Faraday's experiment showing induction between coils of wire: The liquid battery (right) provides a current which flows through the small coil (A), creating a magnetic field. When the coils are stationary, no current is induced. But when the small coil is moved in or out of the large coil (B), the magnetic flux through the large coil changes, inducing a current which is detected by the galvanometer (G).
Alternating electric current flows through the solenoid on the left, producing a changing magnetic field. This field causes, by electromagnetic induction, an electric current to flow in the wire loop on the right.
Pole-mounted distribution transformer with center-tapped secondary winding used to provide "split-phase" power for residential and light commercial service, which in North America is typically rated 120/240 V.
A diagram of Faraday's iron ring apparatus. The changing magnetic flux of the left coil induces a current in the right coil.
Faraday's experiment showing induction between coils of wire: The liquid battery (right) provides a current that flows through the small coil (A), creating a magnetic field. When the coils are stationary, no current is induced. But when the small coil is moved in or out of the large coil (B), the magnetic flux through the large coil changes, inducing a current which is detected by the galvanometer (G).
Ideal transformer connected with source VP on primary and load impedance ZL on secondary, where 0 < ZL < ∞.
Faraday's disk, the first electric generator, a type of homopolar generator.
A diagram of Faraday's iron ring apparatus. Change in the magnetic flux of the left coil induces a current in the right coil.
Ideal transformer and induction law
Alternating electric current flows through the solenoid on the left, producing a changing magnetic field. This field causes, by electromagnetic induction, an electric current to flow in the wire loop on the right.
A solenoid
Leakage flux of a transformer
Faraday's homopolar generator. The disc rotates with angular rate {{mvar|ω}}, sweeping the conducting radius circularly in the static magnetic field {{math|B}} (which direction is along the disk surface normal). The magnetic Lorentz force {{math|v × B}} drives a current along the conducting radius to the conducting rim, and from there the circuit completes through the lower brush and the axle supporting the disc. This device generates an emf and a current, although the shape of the "circuit" is constant and thus the flux through the circuit does not change with time.
The longitudinal cross section of a solenoid with a constant electrical current running through it. The magnetic field lines are indicated, with their direction shown by arrows. The magnetic flux corresponds to the 'density of field lines'. The magnetic flux is thus densest in the middle of the solenoid, and weakest outside of it.
Real transformer equivalent circuit
A wire (solid red lines) connects to two touching metal plates (silver) to form a circuit. The whole system sits in a uniform magnetic field, normal to the page. If the abstract path {{math|∂Σ}} follows the primary path of current flow (marked in red), then the magnetic flux through this path changes dramatically as the plates are rotated, yet the emf is almost zero. After Feynman Lectures on Physics {{Rp|ch17}}
Rectangular wire loop rotating at angular velocity ω in radially outward pointing magnetic field B of fixed magnitude. The circuit is completed by brushes making sliding contact with top and bottom discs, which have conducting rims. This is a simplified version of the drum generator.
Instrument transformer, with polarity dot and X1 markings on low-voltage ("LV") side terminal
A current clamp
Power transformer overexcitation condition caused by decreased frequency; flux (green), iron core's magnetic characteristics (red) and magnetizing current (blue).
Laminated core transformer showing edge of laminations at top of photo
Interleaved E-I transformer laminations showing air gap and flux paths
Laminating the core greatly reduces eddy-current losses
Small toroidal core transformer
Windings are usually arranged concentrically to minimize flux leakage.
Cut view through transformer windings. Legend: White: Air, liquid or other insulating medium Green spiral: Grain oriented silicon steel Black: Primary winding Red: Secondary winding
Cutaway view of liquid-immersed transformer. The conservator (reservoir) at top provides liquid-to-atmosphere isolation as coolant level and temperature changes. The walls and fins provide required heat dissipation.
Substation transformer undergoing testing.
An electrical substation in Melbourne, Australia showing three of five 220 kV – 66 kV transformers, each with a capacity of 150 MVA
Camouflaged transformer in Langley City
Transformer at the Limestone Generating Station in Manitoba, Canada
Schematic of a large oil-filled power transformer 1. Tank 2. Lid 3. Conservator tank 4. Oil level indicator 5. Buchholz relay for detecting gas bubbles after an internal fault 6. Piping 7. Tap changer 8. Drive motor for tap changer 9. Drive shaft for tap changer 10. High voltage (HV) bushing 11. High voltage bushing current transformers 12. Low voltage (LV) bushing 13. Low voltage current transformers 14. Bushing voltage-transformer for metering 15. Core 16. Yoke of the core 17. Limbs connect the yokes and hold them up 18. Coils 19. Internal wiring between coils and tapchanger 20. Oil release valve 21. Vacuum valve
Faraday's experiment with induction between coils of wire
Induction coil, 1900, Bremerhaven, Germany
Faraday's ring transformer
Shell form transformer. Sketch used by Uppenborn to describe ZBD engineers' 1885 patents and earliest articles.
Core form, front; shell form, back. Earliest specimens of ZBD-designed high-efficiency constant-potential transformers manufactured at the Ganz factory in 1885.
The ZBD team consisted of Károly Zipernowsky, Ottó Bláthy and Miksa Déri
Stanley's 1886 design for adjustable gap open-core induction coils
"E" shaped plates for transformer cores developed by Westinghouse

Faraday's law of induction (briefly, Faraday's law) is a basic law of electromagnetism predicting how a magnetic field will interact with an electric circuit to produce an electromotive force (emf)—a phenomenon known as electromagnetic induction.

- Faraday's law of induction

It is the fundamental operating principle of transformers, inductors, and many types of electrical motors, generators and solenoids.

- Faraday's law of induction

Michael Faraday is generally credited with the discovery of induction in 1831, and James Clerk Maxwell mathematically described it as Faraday's law of induction.

- Electromagnetic induction

Faraday's law of induction, discovered in 1831, describes the induced voltage effect in any coil due to a changing magnetic flux encircled by the coil.

- Transformer

Electromagnetic induction has found many applications, including electrical components such as inductors and transformers, and devices such as electric motors and generators.

- Electromagnetic induction

Electromagnetic induction, the principle of the operation of the transformer, was discovered independently by Michael Faraday in 1831 and Joseph Henry in 1832.

- Transformer
Faraday's experiment showing induction between coils of wire: The liquid battery (right) provides a current which flows through the small coil (A), creating a magnetic field. When the coils are stationary, no current is induced. But when the small coil is moved in or out of the large coil (B), the magnetic flux through the large coil changes, inducing a current which is detected by the galvanometer (G).

3 related topics with Alpha

Overall
U.S. NRC image of a modern steam turbine generator (STG).

Electric generator

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Device that converts motive power into electric power for use in an external circuit.

Device that converts motive power into electric power for use in an external circuit.

U.S. NRC image of a modern steam turbine generator (STG).
Early Ganz Generator in Zwevegem, West Flanders, Belgium
The Faraday disk was the first electric generator. The horseshoe-shaped magnet (A) created a magnetic field through the disk (D). When the disk was turned, this induced an electric current radially outward from the center toward the rim. The current flowed out through the sliding spring contact m, through the external circuit, and back into the center of the disk through the axle.
Hippolyte Pixii's dynamo. The commutator is located on the shaft below the spinning magnet.
This large belt-driven high-current dynamo produced 310 amperes at 7 volts. Dynamos are no longer used due to the size and complexity of the commutator needed for high power applications.
Ferranti alternating current generator, c. 1900.
A small early 1900s 75 kVA direct-driven power station AC alternator, with a separate belt-driven exciter generator.
The Athlone Power Station in Cape Town, South Africa
Hydroelectric power station at Gabčíkovo Dam, Slovakia
Hydroelectric power station at Glen Canyon Dam, Page, Arizona
Mobile electric generator
Protesters at Occupy Wall Street using bicycles connected to a motor and one-way diode to charge batteries for their electronics

The principle, later called Faraday's law, is that an electromotive force is generated in an electrical conductor which encircles a varying magnetic flux.

AC has come to dominate due to the ability of AC to be easily transformed to and from very high voltages to permit low losses over large distances.

Alternating current generating systems were known in simple forms from Michael Faraday's original discovery of the magnetic induction of electric current.

A typical reaction path requires the initial reactants to cross an energy barrier, enter an intermediate state and finally emerge in a lower energy configuration. If charge separation is involved, this energy difference can result in an emf. See Bergmann et al. and Transition state.

Electromotive force

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Electrical action produced by a non-electrical source, measured in volts.

Electrical action produced by a non-electrical source, measured in volts.

A typical reaction path requires the initial reactants to cross an energy barrier, enter an intermediate state and finally emerge in a lower energy configuration. If charge separation is involved, this energy difference can result in an emf. See Bergmann et al. and Transition state.
Galvanic cell using a salt bridge
The equivalent circuit of a solar cell; parasitic resistances are ignored in the discussion of the text.
Solar cell voltage as a function of solar cell current delivered to a load for two light-induced currents IL; currents as a ratio with reverse saturation current I0. Compare with Fig. 1.4 in Nelson.

In electromagnetic induction, emf can be defined around a closed loop of conductor as the electromagnetic work that would be done on an electric charge (an electron in this instance) if it travels once around the loop.

Devices that can provide emf include electrochemical cells, thermoelectric devices, solar cells, photodiodes, electrical generators, transformers and even Van de Graaff generators.

The general principle governing the emf in such electrical machines is Faraday's law of induction.

Faraday c. undefined 1857

Michael Faraday

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English scientist who contributed to the study of electromagnetism and electrochemistry.

English scientist who contributed to the study of electromagnetism and electrochemistry.

Faraday c. undefined 1857
Portrait of Faraday in his late thirties, ca. 1826
Michael Faraday, c. 1861, aged about 70
Three Fellows of the Royal Society offering the presidency to Faraday, 1857
Michael Faraday's grave at Highgate Cemetery, London
Equipment used by Faraday to make glass on display at the Royal Institution in London
Electromagnetic rotation experiment of Faraday, ca. 1821
One of Faraday's 1831 experiments demonstrating induction. The liquid battery (right) sends an electric current through the small coil (A). When it is moved in or out of the large coil (B), its magnetic field induces a momentary voltage in the coil, which is detected by the galvanometer (G).
A diagram of Faraday's iron ring-coil apparatus
Built in 1831, the Faraday disk was the first electric generator. The horseshoe-shaped magnet (A) created a magnetic field through the disk (D). When the disk was turned, this induced an electric current radially outward from the center toward the rim. The current flowed out through the sliding spring contact m, through the external circuit, and back into the center of the disk through the axle.
Faraday (right) and John Daniell (left), founders of electrochemistry.
Faraday holding a type of glass bar he used in 1845 to show magnetism affects light in dielectric material.
Michael Faraday meets Father Thames, from Punch (21 July 1855)
Lighthouse lantern room from mid-1800s
Faraday's apparatus for experimental demonstration of ideomotor effect on table-turning
Faraday delivering a Christmas Lecture at the Royal Institution in 1856.
Statue of Faraday in Savoy Place, London. Sculptor John Henry Foley RA.
Plaque erected in 1876 by the Royal Society of Arts at 48 Blandford Street, Marylebone, London
Chemische Manipulation, 1828
Michael Faraday in his laboratory, c. 1850s.
Michael Faraday's study at the Royal Institution.
Michael Faraday's flat at the Royal Institution.
Artist Harriet Jane Moore who documented Faraday's life in watercolours.
Portrait of Faraday in 1842 by Thomas Phillips

His main discoveries include the principles underlying electromagnetic induction, diamagnetism and electrolysis.

His demonstrations established that a changing magnetic field produces an electric field; this relation was modelled mathematically by James Clerk Maxwell as Faraday's law, which subsequently became one of the four Maxwell equations, and which have in turn evolved into the generalization known today as field theory.

Near the entrance to its dining hall is a bronze casting, which depicts the symbol of an electrical transformer, and inside there hangs a portrait, both in Faraday's honour.