A report on Emotion

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Examples of basic emotions
The emotion wheel.
Two dimensions of emotions. Made accessible for practical use.
Two dimensions of emotion
Illustration from Charles Darwin's The Expression of the Emotions in Man and Animals (1872)
Simplified graph of James-Lange Theory of Emotion
Timeline of some of the most prominent brain models of emotion in affective neuroscience.

Emotions are mental states brought on by neurophysiological changes, variously associated with thoughts, feelings, behavioural responses, and a degree of pleasure or displeasure.

- Emotion
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Wilhelm Wundt (seated) with colleagues in his psychological laboratory, the first of its kind.

Psychology

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Scientific study of mind and behavior.

Scientific study of mind and behavior.

Wilhelm Wundt (seated) with colleagues in his psychological laboratory, the first of its kind.
One of the dogs used in Pavlov's experiment with a surgically implanted cannula to measure salivation, preserved in the Pavlov Museum in Ryazan, Russia
False-color representations of cerebral fiber pathways affected, per Van Horn et al.
Skinner's teaching machine, a mechanical invention to automate the task of programmed instruction
Baddeley's model of working memory
The Müller–Lyer illusion. Psychologists make inferences about mental processes from shared phenomena such as optical illusions.
Group photo 1909 in front of Clark University. Front row: Sigmund Freud, G. Stanley Hall, Carl Jung; back row: Abraham A. Brill, Ernest Jones, Sándor Ferenczi.
Psychologist Abraham Maslow in 1943 posited that humans have a hierarchy of needs, and it makes sense to fulfill the basic needs first (food, water etc.) before higher-order needs can be met.
Developmental psychologists would engage a child with a book and then make observations based on how the child interacts with the object.
An example of an item from a cognitive abilities test used in educational psychology.
Flowchart of four phases (enrollment, intervention allocation, follow-up, and data analysis) of a parallel randomized trial of two groups, modified from the CONSORT 2010 Statement
The experimenter (E) orders the teacher (T), the subject of the experiment, to give what the latter believes are painful electric shocks to a learner (L), who is actually an actor and confederate. The subject believes that for each wrong answer, the learner was receiving actual electric shocks, though in reality there were no such punishments. Being separated from the subject, the confederate set up a tape recorder integrated with the electro-shock generator, which played pre-recorded sounds for each shock level etc.
An EEG recording setup
Artificial neural network with two layers, an interconnected group of nodes, akin to the vast network of neurons in the human brain.
A rat undergoing a Morris water navigation test used in behavioral neuroscience to study the role of the hippocampus in spatial learning and memory.
Phineas P. Gage survived an accident in which a large iron rod was driven completely through his head, destroying much of his brain's left frontal lobe, and is remembered for that injury's reported effects on his personality and behavior.

Psychologists are involved in research on perception, cognition, attention, emotion, intelligence, subjective experiences, motivation, brain functioning, and personality.

A mother and her child showing affect.

Affect (psychology)

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A mother and her child showing affect.

Affect, in psychology, refers to the underlying experience of feeling, emotion or mood.

A cognitive model, as illustrated by Robert Fludd (1619)

Cognition

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Cognition refers to "the mental action or process of acquiring knowledge and understanding through thought, experience, and the senses".

Cognition refers to "the mental action or process of acquiring knowledge and understanding through thought, experience, and the senses".

A cognitive model, as illustrated by Robert Fludd (1619)
When the mind makes a generalization such as the concept of tree, it extracts similarities from numerous examples; the simplification enables higher-level thinking (abstract thinking).

Traditionally, emotion was not thought of as a cognitive process, but now much research is being undertaken to examine the cognitive psychology of emotion; research is also focused on one's awareness of one's own strategies and methods of cognition, which is called metacognition.The concept of cognition has gone through several revisions through the development of disciplines within psychology.

A job applicant exhibiting a facial configuration that in certain cultures is an expression of worry.

Anxiety

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A job applicant exhibiting a facial configuration that in certain cultures is an expression of worry.
Painting entitled Anxiety, 1894, by Edvard Munch
A marble bust of the Roman Emperor Decius from the Capitoline Museum. This portrait "conveys an impression of anxiety and weariness, as of a man shouldering heavy [state] responsibilities".

Anxiety is an emotion which is characterized by an unpleasant state of inner turmoil and it includes subjectively unpleasant feelings of dread over anticipated events.

Tragic mask on the façade of the Royal Dramatic Theatre in Stockholm, Sweden

Suffering

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Experience of unpleasantness or aversion, possibly associated with the perception of harm or threat of harm in an individual.

Experience of unpleasantness or aversion, possibly associated with the perception of harm or threat of harm in an individual.

Tragic mask on the façade of the Royal Dramatic Theatre in Stockholm, Sweden
Mahavira torch-bearer of ahimsa
Landscape with the Fall of Icarus by Pieter Brueghel the Elder

The word suffering is sometimes used in the narrow sense of physical pain, but more often it refers to psychological pain, or more often yet it refers to pain in the broad sense, i.e. to any unpleasant feeling, emotion or sensation.

Paul Ekman

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Paul Ekman (born February 15, 1934) is an American psychologist and professor emeritus at the University of California, San Francisco who is a pioneer in the study of emotions and their relation to facial expressions.

Structures of the brainstem, the origin of the arousal system, viewed along the sagittal plane

Arousal

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Physiological and psychological state of being awoken or of sense organs stimulated to a point of perception.

Physiological and psychological state of being awoken or of sense organs stimulated to a point of perception.

Structures of the brainstem, the origin of the arousal system, viewed along the sagittal plane

It holds significance within emotion and has been included in theories such as the James-Lange theory of emotion.

Visual Representation of Commonly Experienced Moods

Mood (psychology)

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Affective state.

Affective state.

Visual Representation of Commonly Experienced Moods

In contrast to emotions or feelings, moods are less specific, less intense and less likely to be provoked or instantiated by a particular stimulus or event.

Colored intaglio prints by Charles Le Brun and J. Pass depicting the facial expressions of sixteen emotions

Emotion classification

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Colored intaglio prints by Charles Le Brun and J. Pass depicting the facial expressions of sixteen emotions

Emotion classification, the means by which one may distinguish or contrast one emotion from another, is a contested issue in emotion research and in affective science.

A girl showing signs of fear and anxiety in an uncertain environment

Fear

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A girl showing signs of fear and anxiety in an uncertain environment
"The Man Made Mad with Fear", a painting by Gustave Courbet.
A prisoner at Abu Graib shows fear of a US army dog during prisoner abuse.
Painting by Guido Reni c. 1611
A still from the film Carnival of Souls.

Fear is an intensely unpleasant emotion in response to perceiving or recognizing a danger or threat.