A report on Psychology and Emotion

Wilhelm Wundt (seated) with colleagues in his psychological laboratory, the first of its kind.

One of the dogs used in Pavlov's experiment with a surgically implanted cannula to measure salivation, preserved in the Pavlov Museum in Ryazan, Russia

False-color representations of cerebral fiber pathways affected, per Van Horn et al.

Skinner's teaching machine, a mechanical invention to automate the task of programmed instruction

Two dimensions of emotions. Made accessible for practical use.

The Müller–Lyer illusion. Psychologists make inferences about mental processes from shared phenomena such as optical illusions.

Illustration from Charles Darwin's The Expression of the Emotions in Man and Animals (1872)

Group photo 1909 in front of Clark University. Front row: Sigmund Freud, G. Stanley Hall, Carl Jung; back row: Abraham A. Brill, Ernest Jones, Sándor Ferenczi.

Simplified graph of James-Lange Theory of Emotion

Psychologist Abraham Maslow in 1943 posited that humans have a hierarchy of needs, and it makes sense to fulfill the basic needs first (food, water etc.) before higher-order needs can be met.

Timeline of some of the most prominent brain models of emotion in affective neuroscience.

Developmental psychologists would engage a child with a book and then make observations based on how the child interacts with the object.

An example of an item from a cognitive abilities test used in educational psychology.

Flowchart of four phases (enrollment, intervention allocation, follow-up, and data analysis) of a parallel randomized trial of two groups, modified from the CONSORT 2010 Statement

The experimenter (E) orders the teacher (T), the subject of the experiment, to give what the latter believes are painful electric shocks to a learner (L), who is actually an actor and confederate. The subject believes that for each wrong answer, the learner was receiving actual electric shocks, though in reality there were no such punishments. Being separated from the subject, the confederate set up a tape recorder integrated with the electro-shock generator, which played pre-recorded sounds for each shock level etc.

Artificial neural network with two layers, an interconnected group of nodes, akin to the vast network of neurons in the human brain.

A rat undergoing a Morris water navigation test used in behavioral neuroscience to study the role of the hippocampus in spatial learning and memory.

Phineas P. Gage survived an accident in which a large iron rod was driven completely through his head, destroying much of his brain's left frontal lobe, and is remembered for that injury's reported effects on his personality and behavior.

Research on emotion has increased over the past two decades with many fields contributing including psychology, medicine, history, sociology of emotions, and computer science.

- Emotion

Psychologists are involved in research on perception, cognition, attention, emotion, intelligence, subjective experiences, motivation, brain functioning, and personality.

- Psychology

8 related topics with Alpha

A cognitive model, as illustrated by Robert Fludd (1619)

Cognition

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Cognition refers to "the mental action or process of acquiring knowledge and understanding through thought, experience, and the senses".

When the mind makes a generalization such as the concept of tree, it extracts similarities from numerous examples; the simplification enables higher-level thinking (abstract thinking).

Cognitive processes are analyzed from different perspectives within different contexts, notably in the fields of linguistics, musicology, anesthesia, neuroscience, psychiatry, psychology, education, philosophy, anthropology, biology, systemics, logic, and computer science.

Traditionally, emotion was not thought of as a cognitive process, but now much research is being undertaken to examine the cognitive psychology of emotion; research is also focused on one's awareness of one's own strategies and methods of cognition, which is called metacognition.The concept of cognition has gone through several revisions through the development of disciplines within psychology.

Cognitive science

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A well known example of a phrase structure tree. This is one way of representing human language that shows how different components are organized hierarchically.

The Necker cube, an example of an optical illusion

An optical illusion. The square A is exactly the same shade of gray as square B. See checker shadow illusion.

Image of the human head with the brain. The arrow indicates the position of the hypothalamus.

An artificial neural network with two layers.

Cognitive science is the interdisciplinary, scientific study of the mind and its processes with input from linguistics, psychology, neuroscience, philosophy, computer science/artificial intelligence, and anthropology.

Mental faculties of concern to cognitive scientists include language, perception, memory, attention, reasoning, and emotion; to understand these faculties, cognitive scientists borrow from fields such as linguistics, psychology, artificial intelligence, philosophy, neuroscience, and anthropology.

An anthropologist with indigenous American people

Anthropology

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Scientific study of humanity, concerned with human behavior, human biology, cultures, societies, and linguistics, in both the present and past, including past human species.

Bernardino de Sahagún is considered to be the founder of modern anthropology.

Forensic anthropologists can help identify skeletonized human remains, such as these found lying in scrub in Western Australia, c. 1900–1910.

The Rosetta Stone was an example of ancient communication.

A Punu tribe mask, Gabon, Central Africa

Five of the seven known fossil teeth of Homo luzonensis found in Callao Cave.

Psychological anthropology is an interdisciplinary subfield of anthropology that studies the interaction of cultural and mental processes.

This subfield tends to focus on ways in which humans' development and enculturation within a particular cultural group – with its own history, language, practices, and conceptual categories – shape processes of human cognition, emotion, perception, motivation, and mental health.

Drawing by Santiago Ramón y Cajal (1899) of neurons in the pigeon cerebellum

Neuroscience

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Scientific study of the nervous system and its functions.

Illustration from Gray's Anatomy (1918) of a lateral view of the human brain, featuring the hippocampus among other neuroanatomical features

The Golgi stain first allowed for the visualization of individual neurons.

Photograph of a stained neuron in a chicken embryo

Proposed organization of motor-semantic neural circuits for action language comprehension. Adapted from Shebani et al. (2013)

Parasagittal MRI of the head of a patient with benign familial macrocephaly

It is a multidisciplinary science that combines physiology, anatomy, molecular biology, developmental biology, cytology, psychology, physics, computer science, chemistry, statistics, and mathematical modeling to understand the fundamental and emergent properties of neurons, glia and neural circuits.

Questions in systems neuroscience include how neural circuits are formed and used anatomically and physiologically to produce functions such as reflexes, multisensory integration, motor coordination, circadian rhythms, emotional responses, learning, and memory.

A large iron rod was driven through Gage's head, resulting in a personality change.

Personality psychology

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False-color representtations of cerebral fiber pathways affected in Phineas Gage's accident, per Van Horn etal.

Personality psychology is a branch of psychology that examines personality and its variation among individuals.

"Personality" is a dynamic and organized set of characteristics possessed by an individual that uniquely influences their environment, cognition, emotions, motivations, and behaviors in various situations.

William James

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William James and Josiah Royce, near James's country home in Chocorua, New Hampshire in September 1903. James's daughter Peggy took the picture. On hearing the camera click, James cried out: "Royce, you're being photographed! Look out! I say Damn the Absolute!"

Portrait of William James by John La Farge, circa 1859

James in a séance with a spiritualist medium

William James (January 11, 1842 – August 26, 1910) was an American philosopher, historian, and psychologist, and the first educator to offer a psychology course in the United States.

James is one of the two namesakes of the James–Lange theory of emotion, which he formulated independently of Carl Lange in the 1880s.

Visual Representation of Commonly Experienced Moods

Mood (psychology)

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In psychology, a mood is an affective state.

In contrast to emotions or feelings, moods are less specific, less intense and less likely to be provoked or instantiated by a particular stimulus or event.

Freud, seated left of picture with Jung seated at the right of the picture. 1909

Psychotherapy

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Psychotherapy (also psychological therapy or talking therapy) is the use of psychological methods, particularly when based on regular personal interaction, to help a person change behavior, increase happiness, and overcome problems.

Cognitive behavioral therapy attempts to combine the above two approaches, focused on the construction and reconstruction of people's cognitions, emotions and behaviors.