A report on Emotion

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Examples of basic emotions
The emotion wheel.
Two dimensions of emotions. Made accessible for practical use.
Two dimensions of emotion
Illustration from Charles Darwin's The Expression of the Emotions in Man and Animals (1872)
Simplified graph of James-Lange Theory of Emotion
Timeline of some of the most prominent brain models of emotion in affective neuroscience.

Emotions are mental states brought on by neurophysiological changes, variously associated with thoughts, feelings, behavioural responses, and a degree of pleasure or displeasure.

- Emotion
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Joseph E. LeDoux

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Joseph E. LeDoux (born December 7, 1949) is an American neuroscientist whose research is primarily focused on survival circuits, including their impacts on emotions such as fear and anxiety.

An actor acting out Drama Masks (Thalia and Melpomene) in 1972.

Facial expression

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One or more motions or positions of the muscles beneath the skin of the face.

One or more motions or positions of the muscles beneath the skin of the face.

An actor acting out Drama Masks (Thalia and Melpomene) in 1972.
A boy displays an angry pout

According to one set of controversial theories, these movements convey the emotional state of an individual to observers.

Peace and contentment
Eduard von Grützner (1897)

Contentment

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Peace and contentment
Eduard von Grützner (1897)
Content man on a beach in Alexandria (Egypt)
"Contentment", by J. Ellsworth Gross, 1908

Contentment is an emotional state of satisfaction that can be seen as a mental state drawn from being at ease in one's situation, body and mind.

A father expressing embarrassment or dismay as his son takes a badly timed bathroom break

Embarrassment

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A father expressing embarrassment or dismay as his son takes a badly timed bathroom break
An embarrassing proposal by Antoine Watteau

Embarrassment or awkwardness is an emotional state that is associated with mild to severe levels of discomfort, and which is usually experienced when someone commits (or thinks of) a socially unacceptable or frowned-upon act that is witnessed by or revealed to others.

A souvenir seller appears bored as she waits for customers

Boredom

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A souvenir seller appears bored as she waits for customers
Boredom by Gaston de La Touche, 1893
A girl looking bored.
1916 Rea Irvin illustration depicting a bore putting her audience to sleep
The Princess Who Never Smiled by Viktor Vasnetsov
A bored cat lying on a couch.
A superfluous man (Eugene Onegin) idly polishing his fingernails. Illustration by Elena Samokysh-Sudkovskaya, 1908.

In conventional usage, boredom is an emotional and occasionally psychological state experienced when an individual is left without anything in particular to do, is not interested in their surroundings, or feels that a day or period is dull or tedious.

Curious children gather around photographer Toni Frissell, looking at her camera (ca. 1945)

Curiosity

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Quality related to inquisitive thinking such as exploration, investigation, and learning, evident by observation in humans and other animals.

Quality related to inquisitive thinking such as exploration, investigation, and learning, evident by observation in humans and other animals.

Curious children gather around photographer Toni Frissell, looking at her camera (ca. 1945)
Children peer over shoulders to see what their friends are reading.
Dopamine pathway in the brain
Left: normal brain. Right: AD afflicted brain. Severe degeneration of areas implicated in curiosity
A crowd mills around the site of a car accident in Czechoslovakia in 1980.

The term curiosity can also be used to denote the behavior or emotion of being curious, in regard to the desire to gain knowledge or information.

Desire

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Desires are states of mind that are expressed by terms like "wanting", "wishing", "longing" or "craving".

Desires are states of mind that are expressed by terms like "wanting", "wishing", "longing" or "craving".

Conscious desires are usually accompanied by some form of emotional response.

James in 1903

William James

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American philosopher, historian, and psychologist, and the first educator to offer a psychology course in the United States.

American philosopher, historian, and psychologist, and the first educator to offer a psychology course in the United States.

James in 1903
William James in Brazil, 1865
William James and Josiah Royce, near James's country home in Chocorua, New Hampshire in September 1903. James's daughter Peggy took the picture. On hearing the camera click, James cried out: "Royce, you're being photographed! Look out! I say Damn the Absolute!"
Portrait of William James by John La Farge, circa 1859
Excerpt
James in a séance with a spiritualist medium

James is one of the two namesakes of the James–Lange theory of emotion, which he formulated independently of Carl Lange in the 1880s.

Functional accounts of emotion

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A functional account of emotions posits that emotions facilitate adaptive responses to environmental challenges.

A functional account of emotions posits that emotions facilitate adaptive responses to environmental challenges.

In other words, emotions are systems that respond to environmental input, such as a social or physical challenge, and produce adaptive output, such as a particular behavior.

My God, Help Me to Survive This Deadly Love - a picture of Leonid Brezhnev and Erich Honecker in a socialist fraternal kiss.

Sociology of emotions

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My God, Help Me to Survive This Deadly Love - a picture of Leonid Brezhnev and Erich Honecker in a socialist fraternal kiss.

The sociology of emotion applies sociological theorems and techniques to the study of human emotions.