A report on Emotion

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Examples of basic emotions
The emotion wheel.
Two dimensions of emotions. Made accessible for practical use.
Two dimensions of emotion
Illustration from Charles Darwin's The Expression of the Emotions in Man and Animals (1872)
Simplified graph of James-Lange Theory of Emotion
Timeline of some of the most prominent brain models of emotion in affective neuroscience.

Emotions are mental states brought on by neurophysiological changes, variously associated with thoughts, feelings, behavioural responses, and a degree of pleasure or displeasure.

- Emotion
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Allegory of pride, from circa 1590–1630, engraving, 22.3 cm x 16.6 cm, in the Metropolitan Museum of Art (New York City)

Pride

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Allegory of pride, from circa 1590–1630, engraving, 22.3 cm x 16.6 cm, in the Metropolitan Museum of Art (New York City)
Pride, from the Seven Deadly Sins by Jacob Matham c. 1592.
The Father and Mother by Boardman Robinson depicting War as the offspring of Greed and Pride.
Bed Push at Mad Pride parade in Cologne, Germany, in 2016
Pride parade, Düsseldorf 2017
Detail of "Pride" in The Seven Deadly Sins and the Four Last Things by Hieronymus Bosch
"All Is Vanity" by C. Allan Gilbert, evoking the inevitable decay of life and beauty toward death
Jacques Callot, Pride (Vanity), probably after 1621

Pride is emotional response or attitude to something with an intimate connection to oneself, due to its perceived value.

Psychological trauma

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Psychological trauma or mental trauma is an emotional response to a distressing event or series of events, such as accidents, rape or natural disasters.

Robert Plutchik

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Professor emeritus at the Albert Einstein College of Medicine and adjunct professor at the University of South Florida.

Professor emeritus at the Albert Einstein College of Medicine and adjunct professor at the University of South Florida.

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His research interests included the study of emotions, the study of suicide and violence, and the study of the psychotherapy process.

The word psyche comes from the ancient Greek for 'soul' or 'butterfly'. The fluttering insect appears in the coat of arms of Britain's Royal College of Psychiatrists.

Psychiatry

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Medical specialty devoted to the diagnosis, prevention, and treatment of mental disorders.

Medical specialty devoted to the diagnosis, prevention, and treatment of mental disorders.

The word psyche comes from the ancient Greek for 'soul' or 'butterfly'. The fluttering insect appears in the coat of arms of Britain's Royal College of Psychiatrists.
NIMH federal agency patient room for Psychiatric research, Maryland, USA
Dr. Philippe Pinel at the Salpêtrière, 1795 by Tony Robert-Fleury. Pinel ordering the removal of chains from patients at the Paris Asylum for insane women.
Otto Loewi's work led to the identification of the first neurotransmitter, acetylcholine.
Disability-adjusted life year for neuropsychiatric conditions per 100,000 inhabitants in 2002 no data less than 10 10–20 20–30 30–40 40–50 50–60 60–80 80–100 100–120 120–140 140–150 more than 150

He classified neurosis into four emotional disorders: fear and anxiety, anger and aggression, sadness and depression, and obsession.

Painting of a woman smelling a carnation. Olfaction uses chemoreceptors that create signals processed in the brain that form the sense of smell.

Sense of smell

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Special sense through which smells are perceived.

Special sense through which smells are perceived.

Painting of a woman smelling a carnation. Olfaction uses chemoreceptors that create signals processed in the brain that form the sense of smell.
The Lady and the Unicorn, a Flemish tapestry depicting the sense of smell, 1484–1500. Musée national du Moyen Âge, Paris.
Schematic of the early olfactory system including the olfactory epithelium and bulb. Each ORN expresses one OR that responds to different odorants. Odorant molecules bind to ORs on cilia. ORs activate ORNs that transduce the input signal into action potentials. In general, glomeruli receive input from ORs of one specific type and connect to the principal neurons of the OB, mitral and tufted cells (MT cells).

Glomeruli aggregate signals from these receptors and transmit them to the olfactory bulb, where the sensory input will start to interact with parts of the brain responsible for smell identification, memory, and emotion.

Drawing by Santiago Ramón y Cajal (1899) of neurons in the pigeon cerebellum

Neuroscience

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Scientific study of the nervous system and its functions.

Scientific study of the nervous system and its functions.

Drawing by Santiago Ramón y Cajal (1899) of neurons in the pigeon cerebellum
Illustration from Gray's Anatomy (1918) of a lateral view of the human brain, featuring the hippocampus among other neuroanatomical features
The Golgi stain first allowed for the visualization of individual neurons.
Human nervous system
Photograph of a stained neuron in a chicken embryo
Proposed organization of motor-semantic neural circuits for action language comprehension. Adapted from Shebani et al. (2013)
Parasagittal MRI of the head of a patient with benign familial macrocephaly

Questions in systems neuroscience include how neural circuits are formed and used anatomically and physiologically to produce functions such as reflexes, multisensory integration, motor coordination, circadian rhythms, emotional responses, learning, and memory.

Facial expression of intense interest (emotion), which includes jaws being dropped, tongue being stuck upward and outward, and pupils being dilated.

Interest (emotion)

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Facial expression of intense interest (emotion), which includes jaws being dropped, tongue being stuck upward and outward, and pupils being dilated.

Interest is a feeling or emotion that causes attention to focus on an object, event, or process.

A drawing of a cat by T. W. Wood in Charles Darwin's book The Expression of the Emotions in Man and Animals, described as acting "in an affectionate frame of mind".

Emotion in animals

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A drawing of a cat by T. W. Wood in Charles Darwin's book The Expression of the Emotions in Man and Animals, described as acting "in an affectionate frame of mind".
A squirrel communicating with its pup
Is the glass half empty or half full?
A drawing by Konrad Lorenz showing facial expressions of a dog
Cat's response to a fear inducing stimulus.
Honeybees become pessimistic after being shaken
The freshwater crayfish Procambarus clarkii
"Small dog watching a cat on a table"
"Dog approaching another dog with hostile intentions"
"Dog in a humble and affectionate frame of mind"
"Half-bred shepherd dog"
"Dog caressing his master"

Emotion is defined as any mental experience with high intensity and high hedonic content.

Passions (philosophy)

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In philosophy and religion the passions are the instinctive, emotional, primitive drives in a human being (including, for example, lust, anger, aggression and jealousy) which a human being must restrain, channel, develop and sublimate in order to be possessed of wisdom.

In philosophy and religion the passions are the instinctive, emotional, primitive drives in a human being (including, for example, lust, anger, aggression and jealousy) which a human being must restrain, channel, develop and sublimate in order to be possessed of wisdom.

The philosophical notion of passion, in contrast, is identified with innate or biologically driven emotional states regarded in ancient philosophies and the great religions as being the basis for deadly sins and seen as leading to various social and spiritual ills such as unstable relationships, broken marriages, lack of social integration, psychological disorders and other problems.

Affective science

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Affective science is the scientific study of emotion or affect.