A report on Emotion

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Examples of basic emotions
The emotion wheel.
Two dimensions of emotions. Made accessible for practical use.
Two dimensions of emotion
Illustration from Charles Darwin's The Expression of the Emotions in Man and Animals (1872)
Simplified graph of James-Lange Theory of Emotion
Timeline of some of the most prominent brain models of emotion in affective neuroscience.

Emotions are mental states brought on by neurophysiological changes, variously associated with thoughts, feelings, behavioural responses, and a degree of pleasure or displeasure.

- Emotion
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Affective neuroscience

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Affective neuroscience is the study of the neural mechanisms of emotion.

Somatic markers are probably stored in the ventromedial prefrontal cortex (highlighted).

Somatic marker hypothesis

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Somatic markers are probably stored in the ventromedial prefrontal cortex (highlighted).
António Damásio

The somatic marker hypothesis, formulated by Antonio Damasio and associated researchers, proposes that emotional processes guide (or bias) behavior, particularly decision-making.

An anthropologist with indigenous American people

Anthropology

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Scientific study of humanity, concerned with human behavior, human biology, cultures, societies, and linguistics, in both the present and past, including past human species.

Scientific study of humanity, concerned with human behavior, human biology, cultures, societies, and linguistics, in both the present and past, including past human species.

An anthropologist with indigenous American people
Bernardino de Sahagún is considered to be the founder of modern anthropology.
Forensic anthropologists can help identify skeletonized human remains, such as these found lying in scrub in Western Australia, c. 1900–1910.
The Rosetta Stone was an example of ancient communication.
A Punu tribe mask, Gabon, Central Africa
Five of the seven known fossil teeth of Homo luzonensis found in Callao Cave.

This subfield tends to focus on ways in which humans' development and enculturation within a particular cultural group – with its own history, language, practices, and conceptual categories – shape processes of human cognition, emotion, perception, motivation, and mental health.

Portrait after Frans Hals

René Descartes

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French philosopher, mathematician, scientist and lay Catholic who invented analytic geometry, linking the previously separate fields of geometry and algebra.

French philosopher, mathematician, scientist and lay Catholic who invented analytic geometry, linking the previously separate fields of geometry and algebra.

Portrait after Frans Hals
The house where Descartes was born in La Haye en Touraine
Graduation registry for Descartes at the University of Poitiers, 1616
In Amsterdam, Descartes lived at Westermarkt 6 (Maison Descartes, left).
René Descartes at work
L'homme (1664)
Cover of Meditations
A Cartesian coordinates graph, using his invented x and y axes
Handwritten letter by Descartes, December 1638
Principia philosophiae, 1644

Descartes' writings went on to form the basis for theories on emotions and how cognitive evaluations were translated into affective processes.

Stanley Schachter

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American social psychologist, who is perhaps best known for his development of the two factor theory of emotion in 1962 along with Jerome E. Singer.

American social psychologist, who is perhaps best known for his development of the two factor theory of emotion in 1962 along with Jerome E. Singer.

A person's experience of an emotion stems from the mental awareness of the body's physical arousal and the explanation one attaches to this arousal.

The spectrogram of the human voice reveals its rich harmonic content.

Human voice

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The human voice consists of sound made by a human being using the vocal tract, including talking, singing, laughing, crying, screaming, shouting, humming or yelling.

The human voice consists of sound made by a human being using the vocal tract, including talking, singing, laughing, crying, screaming, shouting, humming or yelling.

The spectrogram of the human voice reveals its rich harmonic content.
A labeled anatomical diagram of the vocal folds or cords.

The tone of voice may be modulated to suggest emotions such as anger, surprise, fear, happiness or sadness.

A Treatise of Human Nature

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Attempt to Introduce the Experimental Method of Reasoning into Moral Subjects is a book by Scottish philosopher David Hume, considered by many to be Hume's most important work and one of the most influential works in the history of philosophy.

Attempt to Introduce the Experimental Method of Reasoning into Moral Subjects is a book by Scottish philosopher David Hume, considered by many to be Hume's most important work and one of the most influential works in the history of philosophy.

He divides these "reflective impressions"—"the passions, and other emotions resembling them"—into "the calm and the violent" (nearly imperceptible emotions of "beauty and deformity", and turbulent passions we experience more strongly) and into "direct and indirect" (depending on how complicated the causal story behind them is).

Rational emotive behavior therapy

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Rational emotive behavior therapy (REBT), previously called rational therapy and rational emotive therapy, is an active-directive, philosophically and empirically based psychotherapy, the aim of which is to resolve emotional and behavioral problems and disturbances and to help people to lead happier and more fulfilling lives.

Two children showing affection

Affection

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A "disposition or state of mind or body" that is often associated with a feeling or type of love.

A "disposition or state of mind or body" that is often associated with a feeling or type of love.

Two children showing affection
A young girl kisses a baby on the cheek.

More specifically, the word has been restricted to emotional states, the object of which is a living thing such as a human or animal.

Carl Lange (physician)

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Danish physician who made contributions to the fields of neurology, psychiatry, and psychology.

Danish physician who made contributions to the fields of neurology, psychiatry, and psychology.

In it, he posited that all emotions are developed from, and can be reduced to, physiological reactions to stimuli.