A report on Emotion

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Examples of basic emotions
The emotion wheel.
Two dimensions of emotions. Made accessible for practical use.
Two dimensions of emotion
Illustration from Charles Darwin's The Expression of the Emotions in Man and Animals (1872)
Simplified graph of James-Lange Theory of Emotion
Timeline of some of the most prominent brain models of emotion in affective neuroscience.

Emotions are mental states brought on by neurophysiological changes, variously associated with thoughts, feelings, behavioural responses, and a degree of pleasure or displeasure.

- Emotion
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Medical personnel aid a suffering woman after the 2010 Haiti earthquake.

Sympathy

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Perception of, understanding of, and reaction to the distress or need of another life form.

Perception of, understanding of, and reaction to the distress or need of another life form.

Medical personnel aid a suffering woman after the 2010 Haiti earthquake.
Facial expressions can communicate sympathy and other emotions nonverbally.
Sympathy is being studied with new technology.
A baby will often cry at the sound of another baby's cries.

The roots of the word sympathy are the Greek words sym, which means "together", and pathos, which refers to feeling or emotion.

The corrugator supercilii muscle and zygomaticus major muscle are the 2 main muscles used for measuring the electrical activity, in facial electromyography

Affective computing

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Study and development of systems and devices that can recognize, interpret, process, and simulate human affects.

Study and development of systems and devices that can recognize, interpret, process, and simulate human affects.

The corrugator supercilii muscle and zygomaticus major muscle are the 2 main muscles used for measuring the electrical activity, in facial electromyography
Here we can see a plot of skin resistance measured using GSR and time whilst the subject played a video game. There are several peaks that are clear in the graph, which suggests that GSR is a good method of differentiating between an aroused and a non-aroused state. For example, at the start of the game where there is usually not much exciting game play, there is a high level of resistance recorded, which suggests a low level of conductivity and therefore less arousal. This is in clear contrast with the sudden trough where the player is killed as one is usually very stressed and tense as their character is killed in the game

While some core ideas in the field may be traced as far back as to early philosophical inquiries into emotion, the more modern branch of computer science originated with Rosalind Picard's 1995 paper on affective computing and her book Affective Computing published by MIT Press.

Transactional Model of Stress and Coping of Richard Lazarus

Appraisal theory

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Transactional Model of Stress and Coping of Richard Lazarus

Appraisal theory is the theory in psychology that emotions are extracted from our evaluations (appraisals or estimates) of events that cause specific reactions in different people.

Reversal Theory Motivational States With Values and Contribution

Reversal theory

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Reversal Theory Motivational States With Values and Contribution
Homeostatic arousal
Reversal Theory Butterfly Curves

Reversal theory is a structural, phenomenological theory of personality, motivation, and emotion in the field of psychology.

John T. Cacioppo

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The Tiffany and Margaret Blake Distinguished Service Professor at the University of Chicago.

The Tiffany and Margaret Blake Distinguished Service Professor at the University of Chicago.

This led to an expansion of Cacioppo's research examining how personal relationships get under the skin to affect social cognition and emotions, personality processes, biology, and health.

History of emotions

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The history of emotions is a field of historical research concerned with human emotion, especially variations among cultures and historical periods in the experience and expression of emotions.

A waitress at a restaurant is expected to do emotional labor, such as smiling and expressing positive emotion towards customers

Emotional labor

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Process of managing feelings and expressions to fulfill the emotional requirements of a job.

Process of managing feelings and expressions to fulfill the emotional requirements of a job.

A waitress at a restaurant is expected to do emotional labor, such as smiling and expressing positive emotion towards customers
A nurse working in a hospital is expected to express positive emotions towards patients, such as warmth and compassion.
Childcare worker at a daycare in Nigeria
A waitress taking an order in an American restaurant

Within bodily emotion work, one attempts to change physical symptoms in order to create a desired emotion.

Affect theory

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Affect theory is a theory that seeks to organize affects, sometimes used interchangeably with emotions or subjectively experienced feelings, into discrete categories and to typify their physiological, social, interpersonal, and internalized manifestations.

Psychophysiology

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Branch of psychology that is concerned with the physiological bases of psychological processes.

Branch of psychology that is concerned with the physiological bases of psychological processes.

Psychophysiological measures are often used to study emotion and attention responses to stimuli, during exertion, and increasingly, to better understand cognitive processes.

Freud, seated left of picture with Jung seated at the right of the picture. 1909

Psychotherapy

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Use of psychological methods, particularly when based on regular personal interaction, to help a person change behavior, increase happiness, and overcome problems.

Use of psychological methods, particularly when based on regular personal interaction, to help a person change behavior, increase happiness, and overcome problems.

Freud, seated left of picture with Jung seated at the right of the picture. 1909
Group therapy, Ukraine

Cognitive behavioral therapy attempts to combine the above two approaches, focused on the construction and reconstruction of people's cognitions, emotions and behaviors.