A report on Estonian Soviet Socialist Republic, Estonia and Russians in Estonia

Distribution of Estonians and non-Estonians in Estonia according to data from the 2011 Estonian census. Russians and other Russophone people form the bulk of the non-Estonian population.

Location of Estonia (red) within the Soviet Union

Valeriy Karpin is a coach of Russia's football team born in Estonia

According to the 23 August 1939 Nazi-Soviet Pact Finland, Estonia, Latvia, Lithuania were divided into German and Soviet "spheres of influence" (German copy)

A Russian Old Believer village with a church on Piirissaar

Iron Age artefacts of a hoard from Kumna

The majority of the pre-war Russian population in Estonia lived in border areas that were annexed by the Russian SFSR in 1944.

People massacred by Soviet NKVD on 8 July 1941 in Tartu, Estonia

Independent counties of Ancient Estonia in the beginning of the 13th century

Soviet-organized rally in Tallinn, July 1940

Medieval Estonia and Livonia after the crusade

Karl Säre with other Estonian Communist Party officials in Tallinn, July 1940

Kuressaare Castle in Saaremaa dates back to the 1380s

A propaganda poster from the Stalin era. The poster says: "The spirit of the great Lenin and his victorious banner encourage us now in the Patriotic War."

"Academia Dorpatensis" (now University of Tartu) was founded in 1632 by King Gustavus as the second university in the kingdom of Sweden. After the king's death it became known as "Academia Gustaviana".

Soviet prison doors on display in the Museum of Occupations, Tallinn, Estonia

Carl Robert Jakobson played a key role in the Estonian national awakening.

Declaration of Independence in Pärnu on 23 February 1918. One of the first images of the Republic.

A reconstruction of a typical Soviet-era living room, in a museum in central Tallinn.

Estonian armoured train during the Estonian War of Independence

Tram along the Pärnu maantee street in Tallinn on June 26, 1983

According to the 23 August 1939 Nazi-Soviet Pact "the Baltic States (Finland, Estonia, Latvia, Lithuania)" were divided into German and Soviet "spheres of influence" (German copy)

The blue-black-white flag of Estonia was raised on Pikk Hermann on February 24, 1989.

The Red Army troops crossing Soviet-Estonian border in October 1939 after Estonia had been forced to sign the Bases Treaty

Border changes of Estonia after World War II

The capital Tallinn after bombing by the Soviet Air Force during the war on the Eastern Front in March 1944

Johannes Käbin, leader of the Communist Party of Estonia from 1950 to 1978

Estonian Swedes fleeing the Soviet occupation to Sweden (1944)

1941 mugshot of kindral Johan Laidoner after his arrest 1940

The blue-black-white flag of Estonia was raised again on the top of the Pikk Hermann tower on February 24, 1989.

Estonian Song Festival in Tallinn in 1980

Plaque on Stenbock House, the seat of the Government of Estonia, commemorating government members killed by Soviet forces

The barn swallow (H. r. rustica) is the national bird of Estonia.

Haanja Nature reserve where violations of Natura 2000 area logging is taking place.

The seat of the Parliament of Estonia in Toompea Castle

Building of the Supreme Court of Estonia in Tartu

US President Barack Obama giving a speech at the Nordea Concert Hall in Tallinn

Foreign ministers of the Nordic and Baltic countries in Riga, 2016

Estonian soldiers during a NATO exercise in 2015

KAPO (Kaitsepolitsei) headquarters in Kassisaba, Kesklinn, Tallinn

An Estonian Patria Pasi XA-180 in Afghanistan

A proportional representation of Estonia exports, 2019

The central business district of Tallinn

Real GPD per capita development of Estonia, Latvia and Lithuania

Estonia's GDP growth from 2000 till 2012

The oil shale industry in Estonia is one of the most developed in the world. In 2012, oil shale supplied 70% of Estonia's total primary energy and accounted for 4% of Estonia's gross domestic product.

Graphical depiction of Estonia's product exports in 28 colour-coded categories

Population of Estonia 1960–2019. The changes are largely attributed to Soviet immigration and emigration.

A Russian Old Believer village with a church on Piirissaar island

Ruhnu stave church, built in 1644, is the oldest surviving wooden building in Estonia

Distribution of Finnic languages in Northern Europe

The University of Tartu is one of the oldest universities in Northern Europe and the highest-ranked university in Estonia. According to the Top Universities website, the University of Tartu ranks 285th in the QS Global World Ranking.

Building of the Estonian Students' Society in Tartu. It is considered to be the first example of Estonian national architecture. The Treaty of Tartu between Finland and Soviet Russia was signed in the building in 1920.

ESTCube-1 is the first Estonian satellite.

The Estonian Song Festival is UNESCO's Masterpiece of the Oral and Intangible Heritage of Humanity.

Arvo Pärt was the world's most performed living composer from 2010 to 2018.

Jaan Kross is the most translated Estonian writer.

A traditional farmhouse built in the Estonian vernacular style

Mulgipuder, a national dish of Estonia made with potatoes, groats, and meat. It is very traditional food in the southern part of Estonia.

The Estonian Soviet Socialist Republic (widely used abbreviation Estonian SSR; Eesti Nõukogude Sotsialistlik Vabariik, Eesti NSV; Эстонская Советская Социалистическая Республика, Эстонская ССР) was an ethnically based administrative subdivision of the former Soviet Union (Union of Soviet Socialist Republics, USSR) covering the territory of Estonia in 1940–1941 and 1944–1991.

- Estonian Soviet Socialist Republic

In Estonia, the population of ethnic Russians is estimated at 320,000, most of whom live in the capital city Tallinn and other urban areas of Harju and Ida-Viru counties.

- Russians in Estonia

Democratic throughout most of the interwar period, Estonia declared neutrality at the outbreak of World War II, but the country was repeatedly contested, invaded and occupied, first by Stalinist Soviet Union in 1940, then by Nazi Germany in 1941, and ultimately reoccupied in 1944 by, and annexed into, the USSR as an administrative subunit (Estonian SSR).

- Estonia

The country remained annexed to the Soviet Union until 1991, except for the period of Nazi occupation between 1941 and 1944.

- Russians in Estonia

The Soviet Union began Russification, with hundreds of thousands of Russians and people of other Soviet nationalities being induced to settle in Estonia, which eventually threatened to turn Estonians into a minority in their own land.

- Estonia

While the Baltic republics had the highest living standard in the Soviet Union and high rates of industrialisation, the ethnic Estonians in Estonian SSR (similarly to Latvians in Latvian SSR, but unlike Lithuanians in Lithuanian SSR) suffered a sharp decline of their proportion in the total population due to the large-scale immigration, mostly of Russians.

- Estonian Soviet Socialist Republic

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Narva

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Peter I of Russia pacifies his marauding troops after taking Narva in 1704 by Nikolay Sauerweid, 1859

The Resurrection of Christ Cathedral, Narva (constructed 1890–1896)

A 1929 plan of Narva (including Ivangorod, part of Narva at the time)

The Town Hall, surrounded by Soviet-era apartment blocks, is one of the few buildings which were restored after World War II.

View of Narva in 2014. Ivangorod Fortress, in Russia, lies across the river on the right.

The reconstructed fortress of Narva (to the left) overlooking the Russian fortress of Ivangorod (to the right).

Narva (, Нарва ) is a municipality and city in Estonia.

The Russian Federation, however, considers Estonia to be a successor of the Estonian SSR and recognizes the 1945 border between the two former national republics.

95.7% of the population of Narva are native Russian speakers, and 87.7% are ethnic Russians.