A report on Estrogen and Estrogen receptor

Estradiol, the major estrogen sex hormone in humans and a widely used medication.
A dimer of the ligand-binding region of ERβ (PDB rendering based on ).
Reference ranges for the blood content of estradiol, the primary type of estrogen, during the menstrual cycle.
The domain structures of ERα and ERβ, including some of the known phosphorylation sites involved in ligand-independent regulation.
Steroidogenesis, showing estrogens at bottom right as in pink triangle.
A dimer of the ligand-binding region of ERα (PDB rendering based on ).
Nolvadex (tamoxifen) 20 mg
Arimidex (anastrozole) 1 mg

They are receptors that are activated by the hormone estrogen (17β-estradiol).

- Estrogen receptor

Once inside the cell, they bind to and activate estrogen receptors (ERs) which in turn modulate the expression of many genes.

- Estrogen
Estradiol, the major estrogen sex hormone in humans and a widely used medication.

12 related topics with Alpha

Overall

GPER

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Protein that in humans is encoded by the GPER gene.

Protein that in humans is encoded by the GPER gene.

The classical estrogen receptors first characterized in 1958 are water-soluble proteins located in the interior of cells that are activated by estrogenenic hormones such as estradiol and several of its metabolites such as estrone or estriol.

Human steroidogenesis, showing estradiol at bottom right.

Estradiol

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Human steroidogenesis, showing estradiol at bottom right.
Estradiol levels across the menstrual cycle in 36 normally cycling, ovulatory women, based on 956 specimens. The horizontal dashed lines are the mean integrated levels for each curve. The vertical dashed line in the center is mid-cycle.

Estradiol (E2), also spelled oestradiol, is an estrogen steroid hormone and the major female sex hormone.

The estrogen receptor, as well as the progesterone receptor, have been detected in the skin, including in keratinocytes and fibroblasts.

Comprehensive overview of steroidogenesis, showing estrone on the lower right among the estrogens.

Estrone

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Comprehensive overview of steroidogenesis, showing estrone on the lower right among the estrogens.

Estrone (E1), also spelled oestrone, is a steroid, a weak estrogen, and a minor female sex hormone.

Estrone is an estrogen, specifically an agonist of the estrogen receptors ERα and ERβ.

Human steroidogenesis, showing estriol at bottom right. In essence, it follows the pathway from dehydroepiandrosterone or DHEA (at left), but with a modified DHEA with an additional OH-group.

Estriol

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Human steroidogenesis, showing estriol at bottom right. In essence, it follows the pathway from dehydroepiandrosterone or DHEA (at left), but with a modified DHEA with an additional OH-group.

Estriol (E3), also spelled oestriol, is a steroid, a weak estrogen, and a minor female sex hormone.

Estriol is an estrogen, specifically an agonist of the estrogen receptors ERα and ERβ.

Genistein

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Naturally occurring compound that structurally belongs to a class of compounds known as isoflavones.

Naturally occurring compound that structurally belongs to a class of compounds known as isoflavones.

Besides functioning as an antioxidant and anthelmintic, many isoflavones have been shown to interact with animal and human estrogen receptors, causing effects in the body similar to those caused by the hormone estrogen.

Aromatase

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Aromatase, also called estrogen synthetase or estrogen synthase, is an enzyme responsible for a key step in the biosynthesis of estrogens.

Aromatase inhibitors, which stop the production of estrogen in postmenopausal women, have become useful in the management of patients with breast cancer whose lesion was found to be estrogen receptor positive.

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Phytoestrogen

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A phytoestrogen is a plant-derived xenoestrogen (see estrogen) not generated within the endocrine system, but consumed by eating phytoestrogenic plants.

Phytoestrogens exert their effects primarily through binding to estrogen receptors (ER).

Membrane estrogen receptor

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Membrane estrogen receptors (mERs) are a group of receptors which bind estrogen.

Unlike the estrogen receptor (ER), a nuclear receptor which mediates its effects via genomic mechanisms, mERs are cell surface receptors which rapidly alter cell signaling via modulation of intracellular signaling cascades.

Location of the human hypothalamus

Hypothalamus

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Portion of the brain that contains a number of small nuclei with a variety of functions.

Portion of the brain that contains a number of small nuclei with a variety of functions.

Location of the human hypothalamus
Median sagittal section of brain of human embryo of three months
Endocrine glands in the human head and neck and their hormones
Cross-section of the monkey hypothalamus displays two of the major hypothalamic nuclei on either side of the fluid-filled third ventricle.
Hypothalamic nuclei
Hypothalamic nuclei on one side of the hypothalamus, shown in a 3-D computer reconstruction<ref>Brain Research Bulletin 35:323–327, 1994</ref>
Human brain left dissected midsagittal view
Location of the hypothalamus

Estrogen and progesterone can influence gene expression in particular neurons or induce changes in cell membrane potential and kinase activation, leading to diverse non-genomic cellular functions.

Estrogen receptor (ER) has been shown to transactivate other transcription factors in this manner, despite the absence of an estrogen response element (ERE) in the proximal promoter region of the gene.

Estradiol, the main active form of estrone sulfate and the major active estrogen with CEEs.

Conjugated estrogens

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Estrogen medication which is used in menopausal hormone therapy and for various other indications.

Estrogen medication which is used in menopausal hormone therapy and for various other indications.

Estradiol, the main active form of estrone sulfate and the major active estrogen with CEEs.
17β-Dihydroequilin, the main active form of equilin sulfate and the second major active estrogen with CEEs.
Testosterone levels with no treatment and with various estrogens in men with prostate cancer. Determinations were made with an early radioimmunoassay (RIA). Source was Shearer et al. (1973).

CEEs are estrogens, or agonists of the estrogen receptor, the biological target of estrogens like estradiol.