A report on Fin

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Fins are used by aquatic animals, such as this orca, to generate thrust and control the subsequent motion
Caudal fin of a great white shark
Aquatic animals typically use fins for locomotion
(1) pectoral fins (paired), (2) pelvic fins (paired), (3) dorsal fin, (4) adipose fin, (5) anal fin, (6) caudal (tail) fin
Comparison between A) the swimming fin of a lobe-finned fish and B) the walking leg of a tetrapod. Bones considered to correspond with each other have the same color.
In a parallel but independent evolution, the ancient reptile Ichthyosaurus communis developed fins (or flippers) very similar to fish (or dolphins)
In the 1990s the CIA built a robotic catfish called Charlie to test the feasibility of unmanned underwater vehicles

Thin component or appendage attached to a larger body or structure.

- Fin
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Gravity Field and Steady-State Ocean Circulation Explorer

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The first of ESA's Living Planet Programme satellites intended to map in unprecedented detail the Earth's gravity field.

The first of ESA's Living Planet Programme satellites intended to map in unprecedented detail the Earth's gravity field.

Model of GOCE
GOCE flares to magnitude +2 as the 67.5 degree solar panel briefly mirrors sunlight (3 January 2010, 17:24:23.15 UTC).

The satellite's unique arrow shape and fins helped keep GOCE stable as it flew through the thermosphere at a comparatively low altitude of 255 km. Additionally, an ion propulsion system continuously compensated for the variable deceleration due to air drag without the vibration of a conventional chemically powered rocket engine, thus limiting the errors in gravity gradient measurements caused by non-gravitational forces and restoring the path of the craft as closely as possible to a purely inertial trajectory.

Fish

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Fish are aquatic, craniate, gill-bearing animals that lack limbs with digits.

Fish are aquatic, craniate, gill-bearing animals that lack limbs with digits.

Dunkleosteus was a gigantic, 10 m long prehistoric fish of class Placodermi.
Lower jaw of the placoderm Eastmanosteus pustulosus, showing the shearing structures ("teeth") on its oral surface; from the Devonian of Wisconsin
Leedsichthys, of the subclass Actinopterygii, is the largest known fish, with estimates in 2005 putting its maximum size at 16 m.
A relative of the seahorses, the leafy seadragon's appendages allow it to camouflage (in the form of crypsis) with the surrounding seaweed.
The psychedelic mandarin dragonet is one of only two animal species known to have blue colouring because of cellular pigment.
Diversity of various groups of fish (and other vertebrates) through time
Lungfish are the closest living relatives of tetrapods (four-limbed vertebrates).
The bowfin Amia calva is the sole survivor of the halecomorph clade.
Organs: 1. Liver, 2. Gas bladder, 3. Roe, 4. Pyloric caeca, 5. Stomach, 6. Intestine
Tuna gills inside the head. The fish head is oriented snout-downwards, with the view looking towards the mouth.
Didactic model of a fish heart
Dorsal view of the brain of the rainbow trout
The anatomy of Lampanyctodes hectoris (1) operculum (gill cover), (2) lateral line, (3) dorsal fin, (4) fat fin, (5) caudal peduncle, (6) caudal fin, (7) anal fin, (8) photophores, (9) pelvic fins (paired), (10) pectoral fins (paired)
Swim bladder of a rudd (Scardinius erythrophthalmus)
Ovary of fish (Corumbatá)
French grunts – Haemulon flavolineatum
Whale sharks, the largest species of fish, are classified as vulnerable.
These fish-farming ponds were created as a cooperative project in a rural village.
Fish counter display at the Oulu Market Hall in Oulu, Finland.
A Bengali fish vendor
Avatar of Vishnu as a Matsya
The ichthus is a Christian symbol of a fish signifying that the person who uses it is a Christian.
These goldband fusiliers are schooling because their swimming is synchronised.
Agnatha (Pacific hagfish)
Chondrichthyes (Horn shark)
Actinopterygii (Brown trout)
Sarcopterygii (Coelacanth)
Egg of lamprey
Egg of catshark (mermaids' purse)
Egg of bullhead shark
Egg of chimaera

In biology, the term fish is most strictly used to describe any animal with a backbone, gills throughout life, and limbs (if any) in the shape of fins. Many types of aquatic animals with common names ending in "fish" are not fish in this sense; examples include shellfish, cuttlefish, starfish, crayfish and jellyfish. In earlier times, even biologists did not make a distinction – sixteenth century natural historians classified also seals, whales, amphibians, crocodiles, even hippopotamuses, as well as a host of aquatic invertebrates, as fish.

Streamlines around a NACA 0012 airfoil at moderate angle of attack

Foil (fluid mechanics)

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Solid object with a shape such that when placed in a moving fluid at a suitable angle of attack the lift is substantially larger than the drag (force generated parallel to the fluid flow).

Solid object with a shape such that when placed in a moving fluid at a suitable angle of attack the lift is substantially larger than the drag (force generated parallel to the fluid flow).

Streamlines around a NACA 0012 airfoil at moderate angle of attack

Other types of foils, both natural and man-made, seen both in air and water, have features that delay or control the onset of lift-induced drag, flow separation, and stall (see Bird flight, Fin, Airfoil, Placoid scale, Tubercle, Vortex generator, Canard (close-coupled), Blown flap, Leading edge slot, Leading edge slats), as well as Wingtip vortices (see Winglet).

Jellyfish in motion

Aquatic locomotion

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Biologically propelled motion through a liquid medium.

Biologically propelled motion through a liquid medium.

Jellyfish in motion
A eurasian coot swimming
The flagellum of a Gram-negative bacteria is rotated by a molecular motor at its base
Salmon spermatozoa for artificial propagation
Shrimp paddle with special swimming legs (pleopods)
Daphnia swims by beating its antennae
Octopuses swim headfirst, with arms trailing behind
Jellyfish pulsate their bell for a type of jet locomotion
Scallops swim by clapping their two shells open and closed
Open water fish, like this Atlantic bluefin tuna, are usually streamlined for straightline speed, with a deeply forked tail and a smooth body shaped like a spindle tapered at both ends.
Many reef fish, like this queen angelfish, have a body flattened like a pancake, with pectoral and pelvic fins that act with the flattened body to maximize manoeuvrability.
The leopard shark angles its pectoral fins so they behave as hydrofoils to control the animal's pitch
The slowest-moving fishes are the sea horses, often found in reefs
Common toad (Bufo bufo) swimming
Nile crocodile (Crocodylus niloticus) swimming
Immature Hawaiian green sea turtle in shallow waters
Macroplata
Comparative skeletal anatomy of a typical otariid seal and a typical phocid seal
Animated representation of lobstering
Chinstrap penguin leaping over water
Swimming dog

Hydrofoils, or fins, are used to push against the water to create a normal force to provide thrust, propelling the animal through water.

The Soyuz TMA-9 spacecraft launches from the Baikonur Cosmodrome, Site 1/5 in Kazakhstan

Rocket

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Spacecraft, aircraft, vehicle or projectile that obtains thrust from a rocket engine.

Spacecraft, aircraft, vehicle or projectile that obtains thrust from a rocket engine.

The Soyuz TMA-9 spacecraft launches from the Baikonur Cosmodrome, Site 1/5 in Kazakhstan
Depiction of rocket arrows, from the Huolongjing. The left arrow reads 'fire arrow' (huo jian), the middle is an 'dragon shaped arrow frame' (long xing jian jia), and the left is a 'complete fire arrow' (huo jian quan shi)
An East India Company battalion was defeated during the Battle of Guntur, by the forces of Hyder Ali, who effectively utilized Mysorean rockets and rocket artillery.
William Congreve at the bombardment of Copenhagen (1807) during the Napoleonic Wars.
Goddard with a liquid oxygen-gasoline rocket (1926)
A V-2 rocket launched from Test Stand VII in summer 1943
Viking 5C rocket engine
Gas Core light bulb
Illustration of the pendulum rocket fallacy. Whether the motor is mounted at the bottom (left) or top (right) of the vehicle, the thrust vector (T) points along an axis that is fixed to the vehicle (top), rather than pointing vertically (bottom) independent of vehicle attitude, which would lead the vehicle to rotate.
A Trident II missile launched from sea.
A Bumper sounding rocket
Apollo LES pad abort test with boilerplate crew module.
Doglegged flight path of a PSLV launch to polar inclinations avoiding landmass.
Workers and media witness the Sound Suppression Water System test at Launch Pad 39A.
A balloon with a tapering nozzle. In this case, the nozzle itself does not push the balloon but is pulled by it. A convergent/divergent nozzle would be better.
Rocket thrust is caused by pressures acting on both the combustion chamber and nozzle
Forces on a rocket in flight
A map of approximate Delta-v's around the Solar System between Earth and Mars
The Tsiolkovsky rocket equation gives a relationship between the mass ratio and the final velocity in multiples of the exhaust speed
Spacecraft staging involves dropping off unnecessary parts of the rocket to reduce mass.
Apollo 6 while dropping the interstage ring
during launch phase
torn apart T+73 seconds after hot gases escaped the SRBs, causing the breakup of the Shuttle stack
A battery of Soviet Katyusha rocket launchers fires at German forces during the Battle of Stalingrad, 6 October 1942

They may also have one or more rocket engines, directional stabilization device(s) (such as fins, vernier engines or engine gimbals for thrust vectoring, gyroscopes) and a structure (typically monocoque) to hold these components together.

Tetrapod

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Tetrapods are four-limbed vertebrate animals constituting the superclass Tetrapoda.

Tetrapods are four-limbed vertebrate animals constituting the superclass Tetrapoda.

Carl Linnaeus's 1735 classification of animals, with tetrapods occupying the first three classes
Devonian fishes, including an early shark Cladoselache, Eusthenopteron and other lobe-finned fishes, and the placoderm Bothriolepis (Joseph Smit, 1905).
Fossil of Tiktaalik
Eusthenopteron, ≈385 Ma
Tiktaalik, ≈375 Ma
Acanthostega, ≈365 Ma
Ichthyostega, 374–359 Ma
Edops, 323-299 Ma
Diadectes, 290–272 Ma
Cross-section of a labyrinthodont tooth

The tetrapod's ancestral fish, tetrapodomorph, possessed similar traits to those inherited by the early tetrapods, including internal nostrils and a large fleshy fin built on bones that could give rise to the tetrapod limb.