A report on Francisco Suárez

Monument in Granada, Spain, where he was born
Operis de religione (1625).
Monument of Francisco Suárez in Granada

Spanish Jesuit priest, philosopher and theologian, one of the leading figures of the School of Salamanca movement, and generally regarded among the greatest scholastics after Thomas Aquinas.

- Francisco Suárez

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University of Salamanca

School of Salamanca

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Renaissance of thought in diverse intellectual areas by Spanish theologians, rooted in the intellectual and pedagogical work of Francisco de Vitoria.

Renaissance of thought in diverse intellectual areas by Spanish theologians, rooted in the intellectual and pedagogical work of Francisco de Vitoria.

University of Salamanca
17th century classroom at the University of Salamanca
Francisco Suárez
Diego de Covarrubias
Martín de Azpilcueta
Fray Luis de León
Luis de Molina

The leading figures of the school, theologians and jurists Francisco de Vitoria, Domingo de Soto, Martín de Azpilcueta (or Azpilicueta), Tomás de Mercado, and Francisco Suárez, were all scholars of natural law and of morality, who undertook the reconciliation of the teachings of Thomas Aquinas with the new political-economic order.

Plato (left) and Aristotle (right), a detail of The School of Athens, a fresco by Raphael.

Natural law

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System of law based on a close observation of human nature, and based on values intrinsic to human nature that can be deduced and applied independently of positive law (the express enacted laws of a state or society).

System of law based on a close observation of human nature, and based on values intrinsic to human nature that can be deduced and applied independently of positive law (the express enacted laws of a state or society).

Plato (left) and Aristotle (right), a detail of The School of Athens, a fresco by Raphael.
Marcus Tullius Cicero
Thomas Hobbes
Dr Alberico Gentili, the founder of the science of international law.

In the 16th century, the School of Salamanca (Francisco Suárez, Francisco de Vitoria, etc.) further developed a philosophy of natural law, and major interpretations were provided by 20th century philosophers such as Jacques Maritain.

14th-century image of a university lecture

Scholasticism

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Medieval school of philosophy that employed a critical organic method of philosophical analysis predicated upon the Aristotelian 10 Categories.

Medieval school of philosophy that employed a critical organic method of philosophical analysis predicated upon the Aristotelian 10 Categories.

14th-century image of a university lecture

Important work in the scholastic tradition has been carried on well past Aquinas's time, for instance by Francisco Suárez and Luis de Molina, and also among Lutheran and Reformed thinkers.

Portrait by Christoph Bernhard Francke, 1695

Gottfried Wilhelm Leibniz

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German polymath active as a mathematician, philosopher, scientist and diplomat.

German polymath active as a mathematician, philosopher, scientist and diplomat.

Portrait by Christoph Bernhard Francke, 1695
Engraving of Gottfried Wilhelm Leibniz
Stepped reckoner
Leibniz's correspondence, papers and notes from 1669 to 1704, National Library of Poland.
A page from Leibniz's manuscript of the Monadology
A diagram of I Ching hexagrams sent to Leibniz from Joachim Bouvet. The Arabic numerals were added by Leibniz.
Leibnizstrasse street sign Berlin
Commercium philosophicum et mathematicum (1745), a collection of letters between Leibnitz and Johann Bernoulli

Leibniz also eagerly read Francisco Suárez, a Spanish Jesuit respected even in Lutheran universities.

Thomas Aquinas (c. 1225–1274)

Thomism

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Philosophical and theological school that arose as a legacy of the work and thought of Thomas Aquinas , the Dominican philosopher, theologian, and Doctor of the Church.

Philosophical and theological school that arose as a legacy of the work and thought of Thomas Aquinas , the Dominican philosopher, theologian, and Doctor of the Church.

Thomas Aquinas (c. 1225–1274)
Summa Theologiæ, Pars secunda, prima pars. (copy by Peter Schöffer, 1471)
Triumph of St Thomas Aquinas, Benozzo Gozzoli,1471. Louvre, Paris

Eventually, in the 16th century, Thomism found a stronghold on the Iberian Peninsula, through for example the Dominicans Francisco de Vitoria (particularly noteworthy for his work in natural law theory), Domingo de Soto (notable for his work on economic theory), John of St. Thomas, and Domingo Báñez; the Carmelites of Salamanca (i.e., the Salmanticenses); and even, in a way, the newly formed Jesuits, particularly Francisco Suárez, and Luis de Molina.

Portrait of Hugo Grotius
by Michiel Jansz. van Mierevelt, 1631

Hugo Grotius

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Dutch humanist, diplomat, lawyer, theologian, jurist, poet and playwright.

Dutch humanist, diplomat, lawyer, theologian, jurist, poet and playwright.

Portrait of Hugo Grotius
by Michiel Jansz. van Mierevelt, 1631
Grotius at age 16, by Jan Antonisz. van Ravesteyn, 1599
Page written in Grotius' hand from the manuscript of De Indis (circa 1604/05)
Portrait of Grotius at age 25 (Michiel Jansz. van Mierevelt, 1608)
Statue of Hugo Grotius in Delft, the Netherlands
Loevestein Castle at the time of Grotius' imprisonment in 1618–21
Grotius' escape from Loevestein Castle in 1621
A book chest exhibited at Loevestein, presumed to be that in which Grotius escaped in 1621
Title page from the second edition (Amsterdam 1631) of De jure belli ac pacis
Engraved portrait of Grotius
Syntagma Arateorum
Marble bas-relief of Hugo Grotius among 23 reliefs of great historical lawgivers in the chamber of the U.S. House of Representatives in the United States Capitol
Annotationes ad Vetus Testamentum (1732)

For Irwing, Grotius would only repeat the contributions of Thomas Aquinas and Francisco Suárez.

Portrait by Jacob Ferdinand Voet, 1670s

Pope Innocent XI

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Head of the Catholic Church and ruler of the Papal States from 21 September 1676 to his death on August 12, 1689.

Head of the Catholic Church and ruler of the Papal States from 21 September 1676 to his death on August 12, 1689.

Portrait by Jacob Ferdinand Voet, 1670s
The birthplace of Pope Innocent XI at Como
Portrait (1787).
Cardinal Odescalchi
Innocent XI (1678-1679)
Tachard, with Siamese envoys, translating the letter of King Narai to Pope Innocent XI, December 1688
Monument to Pope Innocent XI, St. Peter's Basilica
The body of Innocent XI in its former location at St Sebastian Chapel in St Peter's Basilica
Statue of Innocent XI in Budapest

In 1679 he publicly condemned sixty-five propositions, taken chiefly from the writings of Escobar, Suarez and other casuists (mostly Jesuit casuists, who had been heavily attacked by Pascal in his Provincial Letters) as propositiones laxorum moralistarum and forbade anyone to teach them under penalty of excommunication.

Aristotle

Principle of individuation

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Criterion that individuates or numerically distinguishes the members of the kind for which it is given, that is by which we can supposedly determine, regarding any kind of thing, when we have more than one of them or not.

Criterion that individuates or numerically distinguishes the members of the kind for which it is given, that is by which we can supposedly determine, regarding any kind of thing, when we have more than one of them or not.

Aristotle

1266–1308) with his "haecceity" and later, during Renaissance, by Francisco Suárez (1548–1617), Bonaventure Baron (1610–1696) and Leibniz (1646–1716).

The original cover of Thomas Hobbes's work Leviathan (1651), in which he discusses the concept of the social contract theory.

Social contract

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Theory or model that originated during the Age of Enlightenment and usually concerns the legitimacy of the authority of the state over the individual.

Theory or model that originated during the Age of Enlightenment and usually concerns the legitimacy of the authority of the state over the individual.

The original cover of Thomas Hobbes's work Leviathan (1651), in which he discusses the concept of the social contract theory.

Francisco Suárez (1548–1617), from the School of Salamanca, might be considered an early theorist of the social contract, theorizing natural law in an attempt to limit the divine right of absolute monarchy.

Seal of the University of Salamanca

University of Salamanca

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Spanish higher education institution, located in the city of Salamanca, in the autonomous community of Castile and León.

Spanish higher education institution, located in the city of Salamanca, in the autonomous community of Castile and León.

Seal of the University of Salamanca
Seal of the University of Salamanca
Close up of the plateresque façade of the University of Salamanca.
Plateresque façade of the University facing a statue of Fray Luis de León.
School Courtyard in the University.
The old library of the University of Salamanca.
Fray Luis de León's classroom.

Francisco Suárez