Gajah Mada and Related Topics

Majapahit

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Javanese Hindu-Buddhist thalassocratic empire in Southeast Asia that was based on the island of Java (in modern-day Indonesia).

The greatest extent of Majapahit influence based on the Nagarakretagama in 1365

A maja fruit growing near Trowulan. The bitter-tasting fruit is the origin of the kingdom's name

Nagarakretagama palm-leaf manuscript. Composed by Mpu Prapanca in 1365, it provides a primary historical account of Majapahit court during the reign of King Hayam Wuruk.

Painting of a 14th-century Yuan junk. Similar ships were sent by the Yuan in their naval armada.

King Kertarajasa portrayed as Harihara, amalgamation of Shiva and Vishnu. Originally located at Candi Simping, Blitar, today it is displayed in National Museum.

Golden image of a mounted rider, possibly the Hindu god Surya, within a stylised solar halo. Below is a conch flanked by two nagas. 14th-century Majapahit art, National Museum Jakarta.

The statue of Parvati as mortuary deified portrayal of Tribhuwanottunggadewi, queen of Majapahit, mother of Hayam Wuruk.

Rough estimations of Majapahit's conquest of the Indonesian archipelago (Nusantara) in the 13th century, its decline and its eventual fall in the early 16th century to Demak Sultanate. The existing historical records from several sources only partially describe the years listed and thus are subject to revisions.

The terracotta figure popularly believed by Mohammad Yamin as the portrait of Gajah Mada, collection of Trowulan Museum. His claim, however, is not backed by historical background.

Gajah Mada inscription, dated 1273 Saka (1351 CE), mentioned about a sacred caitya building dedicated by Gajah Mada for the late King Kertanegara of Singhasari.

Bronze cannon, called cetbang, Metropolitan Museum of Art, New York, from c. 1470–1478 Majapahit. Note the Surya Majapahit emblem on the bronze cannon.

The route of the voyages of Zheng He's fleet, including Majapahit ports.

The mortuary deified portrait statue of Queen Suhita (reign 1429–1447), discovered at Jebuk, Kalangbret, Tulungagung, East Java, National Museum of Indonesia.

Demak was the earliest Islamic polity in Java that replaced Majapahit.

Wringin Lawang, the 15.5-meter tall red brick split gate in Trowulan, believed to be the entrance of an important compound.

The king of Java and his 7 vassal kings, as imagined in a 15th century British manuscript contained in Friar Odoric's account.

The graceful Bidadari Majapahit, golden celestial apsara in Majapahit style perfectly describes Majapahit as "the golden age" of the archipelago.

Gold figure from the Majapahit period representing Sutasoma being borne by the man-eater Kalmasapada.

Palm leaf manuscript of Kakawin Sutasoma, a 14th-century Javanese poem.

Bas reliefs of Tegowangi temple, dated from Majapahit period, demonstrate the East Javanese style.

Pair of door guardians from a temple, Eastern Java, 14th century, Museum of Asian Art, San Francisco.

Jabung temple near Paiton, Probolinggo, East Java, dated from Majapahit period.

The 16.5-metre tall Bajang Ratu Paduraksa gate, at Trowulan, echoed the grandeur of Majapahit.

The stepped terraces, pavilions, and split gates of Cetho temple complex on mount Lawu slopes.

Majapahit terracotta piggy bank, 14th or 15th century Trowulan, East Java. (Collection of National Museum of Indonesia, Jakarta)

Ancient red-brick canal discovered in Trowulan. Majapahit had a well-developed irrigation infrastructure.

Majapahit core realm and provinces (Mancanagara) in eastern and central parts of Java, including islands of Madura and Bali.

The extent of Majapahit's influence under Hayam Wuruk in 1365 according to Nagarakretagama.

A 1.79 kilogram, 21-karat Majapahit period gold image discovered in Agusan, Philippines, copied Nganjuk bronze images of the early Majapahit period, signify Majapahit cultural influence on southern Philippines.

14th-century gold armlets and rings in East Javanese Majapahit style, found at Fort Canning Hill, Singapore, suggests that Tumasik or Singapura was within Majapahit sphere of influence.

Adityawarman, a senior minister of Majapahit depicted as Bhairava. He established the Pagaruyung Kingdom in Central Sumatra.

On centre bottom row (no. 8) is a Yǒng-Lè Tōng-Bǎo (永樂通寶) cash coin cast under the Yǒng-Lè Emperor (永樂帝) of Ming dynasty. These were cast in great quantities and used by Ashikaga, Ryukyu, as well as Majapahit.

Pura Maospahit ("Majapahit Temple") in Denpasar, Bali, demonstrate the typical Majapahit red brick architecture.

The Majapahit style minaret of Kudus Mosque.

Bas relief from Candi Penataran describes the Javanese-style pendopo pavilion, commonly found across Java and Bali.

The Kris of Knaud, one of the oldest surviving kris is dated to Majapahit period

The high reliefs of Gajah Mada and Majapahit history depicted in Monas, has become the source of Indonesian national pride of past greatness.

Gajah Mada statue in front of Telecommunication Museum in Taman Mini Indonesia Indah, Jakarta. Palapa, Indonesia's first telecommunication satellite launched on 9 July 1976 was named after Palapa oath.

Genealogy diagram of Rajasa dynasty, the royal family of Singhasari and Majapahit. Rulers are highlighted with period of reign.

Theatrical performance depicting the Mongol invasion of Java, performed by 150 students of Indonesian Institute of the Arts, Yogyakarta. The history of Majapahit continues to inspire contemporary artists.

Cropped portion of China Sea in the Miller atlas, showing six and three-masted jong.

Armor depicted in a statue from a candi in Singasari.

This Jiaozhi arquebus is similar to Java arquebus.

Deity holding a cuirass, from earlier, 10-11th century Nganjuk, East Java.

His achievement is also credited to his prime minister, Gajah Mada.

Indonesia

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Country in Southeast Asia and Oceania between the Indian and Pacific oceans.

A Borobudur ship carved on Borobudur temple, c. 800 CE. Outrigger boats from the archipelago may have made trade voyages to the east coast of Africa as early as the 1st century CE.

The submission of Prince Diponegoro to General De Kock at the end of the Java War in 1830

Mount Semeru and Mount Bromo in East Java. Indonesia's seismic and volcanic activity is among the world's highest.

Rainforest in Mount Palung National Park, West Kalimantan

Köppen-Geiger climate classification map for Indonesia

Major volcanoes in Indonesia. Indonesia is in the Pacific Ring of Fire area.

Low visibility in Bukittinggi, West Sumatra, due to deforestation-related haze.

A presidential inauguration by the MPR in the Parliament Complex Jakarta, 2014

Embassy of Indonesia, Canberra, Australia

Vast palm oil plantation in Bogor, West Java. Indonesia is the world's largest producer of palm oil.

A proportional representation of Indonesia exports, 2019

Jatiluhur Dam, Indonesia's first and largest dam.

Borobudur in Central Java, the world's largest Buddhist temple, is the single most visited tourist attraction in Indonesia.

Raja Ampat Islands, West Papua, has the highest recorded level of diversity in marine life, according to Conservation International.

A Hindu shrine dedicated to King Siliwangi in Pura Parahyangan Agung Jagatkarta, Bogor. Hinduism has left a legacy on Indonesian art and culture.

Menara Kudus, a mosque with a traditional Indonesian architectural style.

Bandung Institute of Technology in West Java

Riots on the streets of Jakarta on 14 May 1998.

Traditional Balinese painting depicting cockfighting

An avenue of Tongkonan houses in a Torajan village, South Sulawesi

Pandava and Krishna in an act of the Wayang Wong performance

Advertisement for Loetoeng Kasaroeng (1926), the first fiction film produced in the Dutch East Indies

Metro TV at Gelora Bung Karno Stadium, reporting the 2010 AFF Championship

Pramoedya Ananta Toer, Indonesia's most famous novelist. Many considered him to be Southeast Asia's leading candidate for a Nobel Prize in Literature.

Nasi Padang with rendang, gulai and vegetables

A demonstration of Pencak Silat, a form of martial arts

A Hindu prayer ceremony at Besakih Temple in Bali, the only Indonesian province where Hinduism is the predominant religion.

Baiturrahman Grand Mosque in Banda Aceh, Aceh. The spread of Islam in Indonesia began in the region.

The Hindu Majapahit kingdom was founded in eastern Java in the late 13th century, and under Gajah Mada, its influence stretched over much of present-day Indonesia.

A Javanese bride and groom wearing their traditional garb

Javanese people

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The Javan or Javanese (Javanese:, Wong Jawa (in Ngoko register); , Tiyang Jawi (in Krama register)) are indigenous ethnic group native to the central and eastern hemisphere of Java island, Indonesia.

Javanese adapted many aspects of Indian culture, such as the Ramayana epic.

Sultan Amangkurat II of Mataram (upper right) watching warlord Untung Surapati fighting Captain Tack of the Dutch East India Company (VOC). ca 1684 AD.

A Javanese courtly ceremony at Keraton Surakarta in 1932.

Javanese cultural expressions, such as wayang and gamelan are often used to promote the excellence of Javanese culture.

Gamelan is one of Javanese cultural expression that demonstrate refinement.

Javanese priyayi (aristocrat) and servants, c. undefined 1865.

Example of Javanese cuisine. Clockwise: fried tempeh, mlinjo crackers, gudeg with rice wrapped in teak leaf, green chili sambal and sliced lime.

Nasi tumpeng, the quintessentially Javanese rice dish, symbolises the volcano.

Inhabitants of Jave la Grande (Great Java island), from Nicholas Vallard's manuscript sea atlas (1547). The people are armed with spear and shortsword with curving hilt, a feature of Indonesian weapon (golok?). The man riding a horse seems to be a leader or noble. The servant behind him carried a parasol. Several men is wearing turbans, which may indicate that they are Muslims, but the women did not cover their head like Muslims do (it needs to be noted that, this custom of Muslim women not wearing a veil in Indonesia is quite common until after World War 2). In the background are several raised wooden huts, also a feature of Indonesian building. It is unknown whether these huts are for dwelling or serve as a temporary shelter for people working on the orchard.

Javanese migrant workers in Suriname, circa 1940

A decorative kris with a figure of Semar as the handle. The bilah has thirteen luk

Weapons of Java: Machetes, maces, bow and arrows, blowpipe, sling

Short swords, shields, and a matchlock gun (istinggar)

Javanese woodworkers making traditional masks during the Dutch East Indies era

The carpenters' tools of the Javanese people

A drawing of Javanese manufacturing tools, handicrafts, and musical instruments

Javanese musical instruments, many of which require the skills of blacksmith and carpenters

Kertanegara policies were later continued by the Majapahits under King Hayam Wuruk and his minister Gajah Mada.

A gilded map in the Hall of Independence, Indonesian National Monument, Jakarta. Sabah, Sarawak and Labuan (states and a federal territory of Malaysia), Brunei and East Timor (sovereign countries) are also included.

Nusantara (archipelago)

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Indonesian name of Maritime Southeast Asia .

Majapahit Negara Agung (grand state) and Mancanagara (provinces) in eastern and central parts of Java, including the islands of Madura and Bali.

The extent of Majapahit Nusantara according to Nagarakretagama.

Modern Wawasan Nusantara, the Indonesian archipelagic baselines pursuant to article 47, paragraph 9, of the UNCLOS

The word Nusantara is taken from an oath by Gajah Mada in 1336, as written in the Old Javanese Pararaton and Nagarakretagama.

Hayam Wuruk

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Javanese Hindu emperor from the Rajasa Dynasty and the 4th emperor of the Majapahit Empire.

Together with his prime minister Gajah Mada, he reigned the empire at the time of its greatest power.

The statue of Tribhuwanottungadewi, queen of Majapahit, depicted as Parvati

Tribhuwana Wijayatunggadewi

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Javanese queen regnant and the third Majapahit monarch, reigning from 1328 to 1350.

With the help of her prime minister Gajah Mada, she pursued a massive expansion of the empire.

Modern artist's impression of Jayanagara

Jayanegara

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Javanese emperor and the second monarch of Majapahit empire.

Bajang Ratu gate in Trowulan palace compound

His reign saw the beginning of Gajah Mada's rise as an important figure in the empire.

Sundanese Hindu kingdom located in the western portion of the island of Java from 669 to around 1579, covering the area of present-day Banten, Jakarta, West Java, and the western part of Central Java.

The word Sunda written in Sundanese script

Batutulis inscription (dated 1533), in Bogor, commemorate the great King of Sunda Sri Baduga Maharaja (rule 1482-1521).

The Sundanese royal party arrived at the port of Hujung Galuh by Junk Sassana, a type of Javanese junk, which also incorporates Chinese techniques, such as using iron nails alongside wooden dowels, the construction of watertight bulkhead, and addition of central rudder.

Sundanese traditional house with Julang Ngapak roof in Garut circa 1920s. It was built on poles and having a thatched roof, as described in a 12th-century Chinese source.

Old map of Java still thought that land of Sunda in the west is separated from the rest of Java island. Here the capital of Sunda is called Daio which refer to Dayeuh Pakuan Pajajaran

The ruin of Bojongmenje Hindu temple in Priangan highlands, estimated was built in the 7th century.

Cangkuang Hindu temple a shrine for Shiva, dated from the 8th century the Galuh Kingdom.

Statue of a Hindu god from Talaga near Kuningan, West Java, dated from the Sunda Kingdom.

Keraton Kasepuhan of Cirebon. By 1482, the Sunda kingdom lost its important eastern port of Cirebon.

The port of Sunda Kelapa, the cradle of Jakarta. For centuries it was the royal port of Sunda Kingdom serving the capital Dayeuh Pakuan Pajajaran 60 kilometres inland to the south until it fell to Demak and Cirebon forces in 1527.

The Port of Banten in the 16th century. The Islamic Sultanate of Banten was responsible for the demise of Hindu Sunda Kingdom, and supplant it as the dominant polity in western parts of Java in the following centuries.

Hindu Brahmin's ritual objects, including bronze bell and holy water container from Kawali, the historic capital of Galuh Kingdom.

Location of Pakuan Pajajaran copied from book "Kabudayaan Sunda Zaman Pajajaran" Part 2", 2005

Makuta Binokasih Sanghyang Paké, the royal crown of Sunda kingdom. After the fall of Pajajaran to Banten, the crown was evacuated to Sumedang Larang and become their regalia.

A Sundanese woman retrieving rice from a leuit, Sundanese economy mainly rely on rice agriculture

The statue of Shiva Mahadeva from Cibodas village, Cicalengka Subdistrict, Bandung Regency, West Java. Possibly from the Sunda Kingdom period 8th to 9th century.

A bronze statue of Hindu god Shiva discovered in Talaga near Kuningan, West Java. Sunda kingdom period, circa 14th century.

Padrão of Sunda Kalapa (1522), a stone pillar with a cross of the Order of Christ commemorating a treaty between Portuguese Kingdom and Hindu Sunda Kingdom, at National Museum of Indonesia, Jakarta.

Lontar palm-leaf manuscript written in Sundanese

The name "Sunda" appeared in Javanese source, the Pararaton, reported that in 1336, during the inauguration of his newly appointed position as Prime Minister, Gajah Mada declared Palapa oath, which stated his foreign policy to unify the archipelago under Majapahit domination.