A report on Son River, Kaimur Range and Ganges

Sonemuda, origin of Sone River
Bhagirathi River at Gangotri.
Babur crossing the Son River.
Devprayag, confluence of Alaknanda (right) and Bhagirathi (left), and beginning of the Ganges proper.
Boatmen on the Son River, Umaria district, MP
The Himalayan headwaters of the Ganges River in the Garhwal region of Uttarakhand, India.
Son River, from Son Nagar railway station, Aurangabad district, Bihar
The Gandhi Setu Bridge across the Ganges in Patna, Bihar
Son River, from Son Nagar railway station, Aurangabad district, Bihar
A sailboat on the main distributory of the Ganges in Bangladesh, the Padma river.
The Ganges delta in a 2020 satellite image.
A 1908 map showing the course of the Ganges and its tributaries.
The River Ganges at Kolkata, with Howrah Bridge in the background
Lower Ganges in Lakshmipur, Bangladesh
Hardinge Bridge, Bangladesh, crosses the Ganges-Padma River. It is one of the key sites for measuring streamflow and discharge on the lower Ganges.
Chromolithograph, Indian woman floating lamps on the Ganges, by William Simpson, 1867
Descent of Ganga, painting by Raja Ravi Varma c. 1910
Preparations for cremations on the banks of the Ganges in Varanasi], 1903. The dead are being bathed, wrapped in cloth, and covered with wood. The photograph has a caption, "Who dies in the waters of the Ganges obtains heaven."]
Women and children at a bathing ghat on the Ganges in Banares (Varanasi), 1885.
Shiva, as Gangadhara, bearing the Descent of the Ganges, as the goddess Parvati, the sage Bhagiratha, and the bull Nandi look on (circa 1740).
A procession of Akharas marching over a makeshift bridge over the Ganges River. Kumbh Mela at Allahabad, 2001.
Head works of the Ganges canal in Haridwar (1860). Photograph by Samuel Bourne.
The Ganges Canal highlighted in red stretching between its headworks off the Ganges River in Haridwar and its confluences with the Jumna (Yamuna) River in Etawah and with the Ganges in Cawnpore (now Kanpur).
A girl selling plastic containers in Haridwar for carrying Ganges water.
Ganges from Space
Lesser florican (Sypheotides indicus)
The catla (Catla catla) is one of the Indian carp species that support major fisheries in the Ganges
The threatened gharial (Gavialis gangeticus) is a large fish-eating crocodilian that is harmless to humans
The Gangetic dolphin in a sketch by Whymper and P. Smit, 1894.
People bathing and washing clothes in the Ganges in Varanasi.
The Ganges at Sultanganj.

Sone river is the second-largest southern tributary of the Ganges' after Yamuna River.

- Son River

This forms the watershed or divide for two of the major rivers of peninsular India, the Son on the south and Tamsa or Tons on the north.

- Kaimur Range

The Sone originates near Amarkantak in Anuppur district of Madhya Pradesh, just east of the headwater of the Narmada River, and flows north-northwest through Shahdol district in Madhya Pradesh state before turning sharply eastward where it encounters the southwest-northeast-Kaimur Range.

- Son River

A Neolithic settlement was also discovered in the thick of the alluvium, over the bank of the Ganges at Chirand.

- Kaimur Range

Now flowing east, the river meets the 400 km long Tamsa River (also called Tons), which flows north from the Kaimur Range and contributes an average flow of about 187 m3/s.

- Ganges

After the Ghaghara confluence, the Ganges is joined from the south by the 784 km long Son River, which contributes about 1008 m3/s.

- Ganges

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Vindhya range seen from Mandav, Madhya Pradesh

Vindhya Range

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Complex, discontinuous chain of mountain ridges, hill ranges, highlands and plateau escarpments in west-central India.

Complex, discontinuous chain of mountain ridges, hill ranges, highlands and plateau escarpments in west-central India.

Vindhya range seen from Mandav, Madhya Pradesh
Map of prominent mountain ranges in India, showing Vindhyas in central India
The Vindhyas are seen as the southern boundary of Aryavarta in this map. Note that historically, the term "Vindhyas" covered the Satpura range that lies to the south of Narmada.
A map of the "Vindhyan Series" from Geological Survey of India (1871)

According to the various definitions mentioned in the older texts, the Vindhyas extend up to Godavari in the south and Ganges in the north.

A southern chain of Vindhyas runs between the upper reaches of the Son and Narmada rivers to meet the Satpura Range in the Maikal Hills near Amarkantak.

A northern chain of the Vindhyas continues eastwards as Bhander Plateau and Kaimur Range, which runs north of the Son River.