A report on Gansu, Xinjiang and Hui people

A halal meat store sign in Hankou, ca. 1934–1935.

The ruins of a Han dynasty (202 BC–220 AD) Chinese watchtower made of rammed earth at Dunhuang, Gansu province, the eastern edge of the Silk Road

Dzungaria (Red) and the Tarim Basin or Altishahr (Blue)

Halal (清真) restaurants offering Northwestern beef lamian can be found throughout the country

Xindian culture era jar with two lug handles uncovered in Gansu, dating to around 1,000 BC

Northern Xinjiang (Junggar Basin) (Yellow), Eastern Xinjiang- Turpan Depression (Turpan Prefecture and Hami Prefecture) (Red) and Altishahr/the Tarim Basin (Blue)

The minaret of the Dungan mosque in Karakol, Kyrgyzstan

The ruins of a gate at Yumen Pass, built during the Jin dynasty (266–420)

Physical map showing the separation of Dzungaria and the Tarim Basin (Altishahr) by the Tien Shan Mountains

Map of Han Dynasty in 2 CE. Light blue is the Tarim Basin protectorate.

Old Uyghur/Yugur art from the Bezeklik murals

A halal (清真) shower house in Linxia City

Gates of the provincial government complex in Lanzhou

A fence in Niujie with art depicting the minority ethnicities in China, including the Hui (回族)

A Sogdian man on a Bactrian camel. Sancai ceramic statuette, Tang dynasty

Hui people praying in the Dongguan Mosque, Xining

Mongol states from the 14th to the 17th centuries: the Northern Yuan dynasty, Four Oirat, Moghulistan and Kara Del

The Dzungar–Qing Wars, between the Qing Dynasty and the Dzungar Khanate

A painting of the Buddhist Manjushri, from the Yulin Caves of Gansu, Tangut-led Western Xia dynasty (1038–1227 AD)

The Battle of Oroi-Jalatu in 1756, between the Manchu and Oirat armies

These rammed earth ruins of a granary in Hecang Fortress, located ~11 km (7 miles) northeast of the Western-Han-era Yumen Pass, were built during the Western Han (202 BC – 9 AD) and significantly rebuilt during the Western Jin (280–316 AD).

The Sufi mausoleum (gongbei) of Ma Laichi in Linxia City, China.

A terracotta warrior from Gansu, with traces of polychrome and gold, from the Tang dynasty (618–907)

Scene from the 1828 Qing campaign against rebels in Altishahr

An ethnic Hui family celebrating Eid ul-Fitr in Ningxia.

19th-century Khotan Uyghurs in Yettishar

Chiang Kai-shek, head of the Kuomintang with Muslim General Ma Fushou.

Governor Sheng Shicai ruled from 1933 to 1944.

Ma Jiyuan, a Muslim General, at his wedding with Kuomintang flag.

The Soviet-backed Second East Turkestan Republic encompassed Xinjiang's Ili, Tarbagatay and Altay districts.

Wetland by the Yellow River, Maqu County

Chinese Generals pay tribute to the Sun Yat-sen Mausoleum at the Temple of the Azure Clouds in Beijing after the success of the Northern Expedition. From right to left, are Generals Cheng Jin, Zhang Zuobao, Chen Diaoyuan, Chiang Kai-shek, Woo Tsin-hang, Wen Xishan, Ma Fuxiang, Ma Sida and Bai Chongxi. (6 July 1928)

Temple of the Chenghuangshen (Idol) of Lanzhou.

Nanhua Amituo Fo Temple of Chinese Buddhism seen on a hill above the roofs of the Yu Baba Gongbei, a Sufi shrine.

Black Irtysh river in Burqin County is a famous spot for sightseeing.

Labrang Monastery of Tibetan Buddhism in Gannan.

Nur Bekri, Chairman of the Xinjiang Government between 2007 and 2015

The distribution map of Xinjiang's GDP per person (2011)

Ürümqi is a major industrial center within Xinjiang.

This flag (Kök Bayraq) has become a symbol of the East Turkestan independence movement.

"Heroic Gesture of Bodhisattvathe Bodhisattva", example of 6th-7th-century terracotta Greco-Buddhist art (local populations were Buddhist) from Tumxuk, Xinjiang

Sogdian donors to the Buddha, 8th century fresco (with detail), Bezeklik, Eastern Tarim Basin

People engaging in snow sports by a statue of bodhisattva Guanyin in Wujiaqu

Temple of the Great Buddha in Midong, Ürümqi

Taoist Temple of Fortune and Longevity at the Heavenly Lake of Tianshan in Fukang, Changji Hui Autonomous Prefecture

Id Kah mosque in Kashgar, largest mosque in China

Erkin Tuniyaz, the incumbent Chairman of the Xinjiang Government

The seventh-largest administrative district by area at 453700 km2, Gansu lies between the Tibetan and Loess plateaus and borders Mongolia (Govi-Altai Province), Inner Mongolia and Ningxia to the north, Xinjiang and Qinghai to the west, Sichuan to the south and Shaanxi to the east.

- Gansu

Xinjiang also borders the Tibet Autonomous Region and the provinces of Gansu and Qinghai.

- Xinjiang

Its population is mostly Han, along with Hui, Dongxiang and Tibetan minorities.

- Gansu

It is home to a number of ethnic groups, including the Turkic Uyghur, Kazakhs and Kyrgyz, the Han, Tibetans, Hui, Chinese Tajiks (Pamiris), Mongols, Russians and Sibe.

- Xinjiang

Western missionaries who entered Gansu and Shaanxi after the 18th century, on the other hand, considered the Hui in the north-western provinces an ethnic group between the Turkic, Han and Arab peoples.

- Hui people

The study also showed that there is a close genetic affinity among these ethnic minorities in Northwest China (including Uyghurs, Huis, Dongxiangs, Bonans, Yugurs and Salars) and that these cluster closely with other East Asian people, especially in Xinjiang, followed by Mongolic, and Tungusic speakers, indicating the probability of a shared recent common ancestor of "Altaic speakers".

- Hui people

8 related topics with Alpha

Qinghai

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Landlocked province in the northwest of the People's Republic of China.

The Khoshut Khanate (1642–1717) based in the Tibetan Plateau

Chiang Kai-shek, leader of Nationalist China (right), meets with the Muslim generals Ma Bufang (second from left), and Ma Buqing (first from left) in Xining, Qinghai, in August 1942

A Taoist temple dedicated to Jiutian Xuannü on Mount Fenghuang, in Lunmalong village, Duoba, Xining

A Buddhist temple on Riyue Mountain, in Huangyuan County, Xining

Mosques and Chinese folk temples characterising the skyline of Huangyuan County

Rongwo Tibetan Buddhist Monastery in Tongren County

Qinghai borders Gansu on the northeast, Xinjiang on the northwest, Sichuan on the southeast and the Tibet Autonomous Region on the southwest.

Qinghai province was established in 1928 during the period of the Republic of China, and until 1949 was ruled by Chinese Muslim warlords known as the Ma clique.

Dungan Revolt (1862–1877)

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War fought in 19th-century western China, mostly during the reign of the Tongzhi Emperor (r.

Battle of the Wei River, painting of the Imperial Qing Court.

Zuo Zongtang in military garment with long court beads, as the Governor-General of Shaanxi and Gansu in Lanzhou in 1875

Quarters for Qing troops in Gansu, 1875.

Chinese artillery on a three-wheeled cart

Town of Anxi in the Hexi Corridor, still in ruins in 1875

Yakub Beg's Dungan and Han Chinese taifurchi (gunners) take part in shooting exercises.

Remnants of the citadel near Barkul in 1875. In 1865, rebels from Kucha led by Ishaq Khwaja attacked the fort.

Ruins of the Theater in Chuguchak, painting by Vereshchagin (1869–70)

Yakub Beg's "Andijani" 'taifukchi' (gunners)--misspelled on the picture as "taifurchi"

However, this article refers specifically to two waves of uprising by various Chinese Muslims, mostly Hui people, in Shaanxi, Gansu and Ningxia provinces in the first wave, and then in Xinjiang in the second wave, between 1862 and 1877.

Chinese-style minaret of the Great Mosque of Xi'an, one of China's oldest mosques.

Islam in China

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Islam has been practiced in China since the 7th century CE.

Guang Ta minaret, Huaisheng Mosque. The minaret was built in the 10th century. Photograph from 1860

The tombs of Sa-Ke-Zu and Wu-Ko-Shun at Mount Lingshan, Quanzhou

Jinan Great Southern Mosque was completed during the reign of Temür Khan, Emperor Chengzong of Yuan.

Weizhou Grand Mosque, constructed during the Ming dynasty

Hu Dahai was a Chinese Muslim general of the Hongwu Emperor.

Chinese Muslim explorer and admiral, Zheng He.

Giraffe brought to China, by Zheng He's Treasure Fleet.

Depiction of a Central Asian Muslim from Altishahr, during the Qing dynasty

Chinese Muslims during the 1800s by Julien-Léopold Boilly

Pagoda composed of the Shahada and other Islamic prayers; section of an 1845 scroll

1939, Northwest China, Chinese Muslim fighters gather to fight against the Japanese

Dead bodies of the Chinese Hui Muslim Ha family who were slaughtered and raped by the Japanese in Nanjing

Eid al-Adha at Jiangwan Mosque, Shanghai

Uyghur Muslims in a livestock market in Kashgar.

Late 19th century map of Hajj pilgrimage routes, by land and by sea, from China to Mecca.

Headquarters of the Islamic Association of China in Beijing

Locations of Chinese Muslim Sites (2018)

Number of Chinese Muslim Sites per county (2018)

A halal butcher shop at Huxi Mosque in Shanghai

Sini-style Arabic calligraphy of the first Shahada (La 'ilāha 'illā Allāh) at the Great Mosque of Xi'an

A Chinese-Arabic-Xiaoerjing dictionary from the early days of the People's Republic of China

Though Hui Muslims are the most numerous group, the greatest concentration of Muslims are in Xinjiang, which contains a significant Uyghur population.

Lesser yet significant populations reside in the regions of Ningxia, Gansu and Qinghai.

Northwest China

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Northwest China is a statistical region of China which includes the autonomous regions of Xinjiang and Ningxia and the provinces of Shaanxi, Gansu and Qinghai.

It has a diverse population including significant minorities such as Hui, Uyghurs and Tibetans.

Salar people

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Oghuz language.

Salar Muslim settlement, outside of Jishi Town, Xunhua, Qinghai, 1932.

A Salar Muslim with a captured fox at the market, Labrang, Xiahe County, Gansu, 1934.

Copy of the Quran brought by Salar Muslims from Samarkand in 1371. (In 2 volumes)

A Salar Muslim, Cao Tan Ba (Dam of Grass Shoal) Village, Xunhua, Qinghai, 1933

A Salar Muslim manager in Jishi Town, Xunhua, Qinghai, 1932

The Salar's live mostly in the Qinghai-Gansu border region, on both sides of the Yellow River, namely in Xunhua Salar Autonomous County, Hualong Hui Autonomous County of Qinghai and the adjacent Jishishan Bonan, Dongxiang and Salar Autonomous County of Gansu and in some parts of Henan and Shanxi.

There are also Salars in Northern Xinjiang (in the Ili Kazakh Autonomous Prefecture).

Over the centuries, they mixed with neighboring Tibetans, Hui, Han Chinese, and Mongols, evolving the distinctive modern Salar language and culture.

Kashgar

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Kashgar in the Kushan Empire under Kanishka the Great

Camels traversing the old silk road in 1992

The Chinese Tang dynasty during its greatest extension, controlling large parts of Central Asia.

Kalmyk Archer, Kashgar Army in the 1870s

Night interview with Yakub Beg, King of Kashgaria, 1868

Colonel Mannerheim at the Russian Consulate in Kashgar, 1906

Sign marking previous Russian Consulate in Kashgar

Map of Kashgar (labeled as SU-FU (KASHGAR)) and surrounding region from the International Map of the World (1966)

Map including Kashgar (labeled as Kashi K'a-shih (Kashgar)) (DMA, 1983)

Cafe built on site of old British Consulate-General. Kashgar. 2011

Uyghur family with two calves for sale at Kashgar market.

Map of the region including Kashgar (1893)

Mao statue in the city square of Kashgar.

Kashgar (قەشقەر) or Kashi is an oasis city in the Tarim Basin region of Southern Xinjiang.

It broke out in 1862 in Gansu then spread rapidly to Dzungaria and through the line of towns in the Tarim Basin.

Ma Shaowu, a Chinese Muslim, was the Tao-yin of Kashgar, and he fought against Uyghur rebels.

Kazakhs

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The Kazakhs (also spelled Qazaqs; Kazakh: sg.

Genetic, archeologic and linguistic evidence links the early Turkic peoples with the 'Northeast Asian gene pool'. Early Turkic-speakers may have been millet agriculturalists in Northeast Asia, which later adopted a nomadic lifestyle and expanded from eastern Mongolia westwards.

Genetic distances between various Western and Eastern Eurasian populations. Analyzed Kazakh samples cluster close to East and Southeast Asian samples, with the relative closest affinity to Mongolian people.

The suggested East-West admixture among modern Eurasian populations. In this analysis, Kazakhs are inferred to have slightly less than 30% Western (European-like) admixture.

Muhammad Salyk Babazhanov – Kazakh anthropologist, a member of Russian Geographical Society.

Shoqan Walikhanov and Fyodor Dostoyevsky

Kazakh hunters with eagles in Bayan-Ölgii Province, Mongolia

The Kazakh language is a member of the Turkic language family, as are Uzbek, Kyrgyz, Tatar, Uyghur, Turkmen, modern Turkish, Azeri and many other living and historical languages spoken in Eastern Europe, Central Asia, Xinjiang, and Siberia.

A study on allele frequency and genetic polymorphism by Katsuyama et al., found that Kazakhs cluster together with Japanese people, Hui people, Han Chinese, and Uyghurs.

In China there is one Kazakh autonomous prefecture, the Ili Kazakh Autonomous Prefecture in the Xinjiang Uyghur Autonomous Region and three Kazakh autonomous counties: Aksai Kazakh Autonomous County in Gansu, Barkol Kazakh Autonomous County and Mori Kazakh Autonomous County in the Xinjiang Uyghur Autonomous Region.

Kuomintang

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Major political party in the Republic of China (Taiwan).

The Revolutionary Army attacking Nanjing in 1911

The KMT reveres its founder, Sun Yat-sen, as the "Father of the Nation"

Venue of the 1st National Congress of Kuomintang in 1924

Chiang Kai-shek, leader of the Kuomintang after Sun's death in 1925

KMT flag displayed in Lhasa, Tibet in 1938

The National Revolutionary Army soldiers marched into the British concessions in Hankou during the Northern Expedition

Nationalist soldiers during the Second Sino-Japanese War

The retrocession of Taiwan in Taipei on 25 October 1945

The former KMT headquarters in Taipei City (1949–2006), whose imposing structure, directly facing the Presidential Office Building, was seen as a symbol of the party's wealth and dominance

Pan-blue supporters at a rally during the 2004 presidential election

Kuomintang public service center in Shilin, Taipei

Lien Chan (middle) and Wu Po-hsiung (second left) and the KMT touring the Sun Yat-sen Mausoleum in Nanjing, People's Republic of China when the Pan-Blue coalition visited the mainland in 2005

KMT headquarters in Taipei City before the KMT Central Committee moved in June 2006 to a much more modest Bade building, having sold the original headquarters to private investors of the EVA Airways Corporation

KMT Kinmen headquarters office in Jincheng Township, Kinmen County

KMT Building in Vancouver's Chinatown, British Columbia, Canada

KMT branch office in Pingzhen District, Taoyuan City

The KMT maintains offices in some of the Chinatowns of the world and its United States party headquarters are located in San Francisco Chinatown, on Stockton Street directly across the Chinese Six Companies

KMT Eastern U.S. headquarters is in New York Chinatown

KMT office of Australasia in Sydney, Australia

From left to right, KMT members pay tribute to the Sun Yat-sen Mausoleum in Beijing in 1928 after the success of the Northern Expedition: Generals Cheng Jin, Zhang Zuobao, Chen Diaoyuan, Chiang Kai-shek, Woo Tsin-hang, Yan Xishan, General Ma Fuxiang, Ma Sida and General Bai Chongxi

Muslim Generals in Kansu waged war against the Guominjun in favor of the KMT during the conflict in Gansu in 1927–1930.

Under orders from Nationalist Government of Chiang Kai-shek, the Hui General Ma Bufang, Governor of Qinghai (1937–1949), repaired Yushu airport to prevent Tibetan separatists from seeking independence.

Masud Sabri, a Uyghur was appointed as Governor of Xinjiang by the KMT, as was the Tatar Burhan Shahidi and the Uyghur Yulbars Khan.