A report on GansuLanzhou and Xinjiang

Lanzhou and the Zhongshan Bridge under construction in 1909 taken by Robert Sterling Clark
The ruins of a Han dynasty (202 BC–220 AD) Chinese watchtower made of rammed earth at Dunhuang, Gansu province, the eastern edge of the Silk Road
The West Gate of the old city wall in 1875. It has been demolished, although its busy neighborhood still bears its name.
Dzungaria (Red) and the Tarim Basin or Altishahr (Blue)
Xindian culture era jar with two lug handles uncovered in Gansu, dating to around 1,000 BC
Viceroy of Shaan-Gan and Baron C. G. E. Mannerheim in Lanzhou, 1908
Northern Xinjiang (Junggar Basin) (Yellow), Eastern Xinjiang- Turpan Depression (Turpan Prefecture and Hami Prefecture) (Red) and Altishahr/the Tarim Basin (Blue)
The ruins of a gate at Yumen Pass, built during the Jin dynasty (266–420)
View on Zhongshan Bridge from Baita Mountain Park
Physical map showing the separation of Dzungaria and the Tarim Basin (Altishahr) by the Tien Shan Mountains
Jiayuguan Fort
Xiguan Mosque after a Friday prayer
Map of Han Dynasty in 2 CE. Light blue is the Tarim Basin protectorate.
Danxia landform in Zhangye
Gansu Provincial Museum
Old Uyghur/Yugur art from the Bezeklik murals
Gates of the provincial government complex in Lanzhou
Lanzhou Center commercial complex
The Tarim Basin in the 3rd century AD
Farmland in Linxia
Headquarters of UNIDO-ISEC
A Sogdian man on a Bactrian camel. Sancai ceramic statuette, Tang dynasty
Shopping mall in Lanzhou
Lanzhou Railway Station
Mongol states from the 14th to the 17th centuries: the Northern Yuan dynasty, Four Oirat, Moghulistan and Kara Del
Lanzhou city
Lanzhou West Railway Station
The Dzungar–Qing Wars, between the Qing Dynasty and the Dzungar Khanate
A painting of the Buddhist Manjushri, from the Yulin Caves of Gansu, Tangut-led Western Xia dynasty (1038–1227 AD)
Lanzhou BRT
The Battle of Oroi-Jalatu in 1756, between the Manchu and Oirat armies
These rammed earth ruins of a granary in Hecang Fortress, located ~11 km (7 miles) northeast of the Western-Han-era Yumen Pass, were built during the Western Han (202 BC – 9 AD) and significantly rebuilt during the Western Jin (280–316 AD).
Lanzhou beef noodles
The Qing Empire ca. 1820
A terracotta warrior from Gansu, with traces of polychrome and gold, from the Tang dynasty (618–907)
Lanzhou University
Scene from the 1828 Qing campaign against rebels in Altishahr
Maijishan Grottoes
Yakub Beg, ruler of Yettishar
Fertile fields near Wuwei
19th-century Khotan Uyghurs in Yettishar
Crescent Lake, Dunhuang
Kuomintang in Xinjiang, 1942
Qilian Mountains southeast of Jiuquan
Governor Sheng Shicai ruled from 1933 to 1944.
Terrace farms near Tianshui
The Soviet-backed Second East Turkestan Republic encompassed Xinjiang's Ili, Tarbagatay and Altay districts.
Grasslands in Min County
Close to Karakoram Highway in Xinjiang.
Wetland by the Yellow River, Maqu County
Pamir Mountains and Muztagh Ata.
Main hall of a Chan temple of Lanzhou.
Taklamakan Desert
Temple of the Chenghuangshen (Idol) of Lanzhou.
Tianchi Lake
Nanhua Amituo Fo Temple of Chinese Buddhism seen on a hill above the roofs of the Yu Baba Gongbei, a Sufi shrine.
Black Irtysh river in Burqin County is a famous spot for sightseeing.
Labrang Monastery of Tibetan Buddhism in Gannan.
Kanas Lake
Village temple in Linxia County.
Largest cities and towns of Xinjiang
Linxia Dongguan Mosque
Statue of Mao Zedong in Kashgar
Lanzhou Xiguan Mosque
Nur Bekri, Chairman of the Xinjiang Government between 2007 and 2015
The distribution map of Xinjiang's GDP per person (2011)
Ürümqi is a major industrial center within Xinjiang.
Wind farm in Xinjiang
Sunday market in Khotan
Ürümqi Diwopu International Airport
Karakorum highway
This flag (Kök Bayraq) has become a symbol of the East Turkestan independence movement.
"Heroic Gesture of Bodhisattvathe Bodhisattva", example of 6th-7th-century terracotta Greco-Buddhist art (local populations were Buddhist) from Tumxuk, Xinjiang
Sogdian donors to the Buddha, 8th century fresco (with detail), Bezeklik, Eastern Tarim Basin
A mosque in Ürümqi
People engaging in snow sports by a statue of bodhisattva Guanyin in Wujiaqu
Christian Church in Hami
Catholic Church in Urumqi
Temple of the Great Buddha in Midong, Ürümqi
Taoist Temple of Fortune and Longevity at the Heavenly Lake of Tianshan in Fukang, Changji Hui Autonomous Prefecture
Emin Minaret
Id Kah mosque in Kashgar, largest mosque in China
Erkin Tuniyaz, the incumbent Chairman of the Xinjiang Government

Lanzhou is the capital and largest city of Gansu Province in Northwest China.

- Lanzhou

Its capital and largest city is Lanzhou, in the southeast part of the province.

- Gansu

The seventh-largest administrative district by area at 453700 km2, Gansu lies between the Tibetan and Loess plateaus and borders Mongolia (Govi-Altai Province), Inner Mongolia and Ningxia to the north, Xinjiang and Qinghai to the west, Sichuan to the south and Shaanxi to the east.

- Gansu

Xinjiang also borders the Tibet Autonomous Region and the provinces of Gansu and Qinghai.

- Xinjiang

This highway remained the primary traffic route of northwestern China until the completion of the railway from Lanzhou to Ürümqi, Xinjiang.

- Lanzhou

To the east, a conventional and a high-speed rail line runs through Turpan and Hami to Lanzhou in Gansu Province.

- Xinjiang

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Overall

Yaqub Beg

Dungan Revolt (1862–1877)

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War fought in 19th-century western China, mostly during the reign of the Tongzhi Emperor (r.

War fought in 19th-century western China, mostly during the reign of the Tongzhi Emperor (r.

Yaqub Beg
The map of Dungan Revolt
Battle of the Wei River, painting of the Imperial Qing Court.
Zuo Zongtang in military garment with long court beads, as the Governor-General of Shaanxi and Gansu in Lanzhou in 1875
Quarters for Qing troops in Gansu, 1875.
Chinese artillery on a three-wheeled cart
Town of Anxi in the Hexi Corridor, still in ruins in 1875
Pro-Qing forces in Gansu in 1875
Yakub Beg's Dungan and Han Chinese taifurchi (gunners) take part in shooting exercises.
Remnants of the citadel near Barkul in 1875. In 1865, rebels from Kucha led by Ishaq Khwaja attacked the fort.
A mosque official in Hami, 1875.
Ruins of the Theater in Chuguchak, painting by Vereshchagin (1869–70)
Yakub Beg's "Andijani" 'taifukchi' (gunners)--misspelled on the picture as "taifurchi"

However, this article refers specifically to two waves of uprising by various Chinese Muslims, mostly Hui people, in Shaanxi, Gansu and Ningxia provinces in the first wave, and then in Xinjiang in the second wave, between 1862 and 1877.

Zuo had 7,000 Hui people executed and resettled the rest in southern Gansu, to ensure that the entire Gansu Corridor from Lanzhou to Dunhuang would remain Hui-free, thereby preventing the possibility of future collusion between the Muslims of Gansu and Shaanxi and those of Xinjiang.

Qinghai

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Landlocked province in the northwest of the People's Republic of China.

Landlocked province in the northwest of the People's Republic of China.

The Dongguan Mosque in Qinghai
Oil well in Tsaidam (Qaidam), Qinghai
View of the Qinghai Lake.
China National Highway 109 in Qinghai
The Khoshut Khanate (1642–1717) based in the Tibetan Plateau
Chiang Kai-shek, leader of Nationalist China (right), meets with the Muslim generals Ma Bufang (second from left), and Ma Buqing (first from left) in Xining, Qinghai, in August 1942
Nyenpo Yurtse, Jigzhi County, Qinghai
Riyue Mountain in Qinghai
A Taoist temple dedicated to Jiutian Xuannü on Mount Fenghuang, in Lunmalong village, Duoba, Xining
A Buddhist temple on Riyue Mountain, in Huangyuan County, Xining
Mosques and Chinese folk temples characterising the skyline of Huangyuan County
Rongwo Tibetan Buddhist Monastery in Tongren County
Great Mosque of Duoba, Xining

Qinghai borders Gansu on the northeast, Xinjiang on the northwest, Sichuan on the southeast and the Tibet Autonomous Region on the southwest.

The Lanqing Railway, running between Lanzhou, Gansu and Xining, the province's capital, was completed in 1959 and is the major transportation route in and out of the province.

Chinese-style minaret of the Great Mosque of Xi'an, one of China's oldest mosques.

Islam in China

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Islam has been practiced in China since the 7th century CE.

Islam has been practiced in China since the 7th century CE.

Chinese-style minaret of the Great Mosque of Xi'an, one of China's oldest mosques.
Guang Ta minaret, Huaisheng Mosque. The minaret was built in the 10th century. Photograph from 1860
The tombs of Sa-Ke-Zu and Wu-Ko-Shun at Mount Lingshan, Quanzhou
Puhaddin Mausoleum complex in Yangzhou
Jinan Great Southern Mosque was completed during the reign of Temür Khan, Emperor Chengzong of Yuan.
Weizhou Grand Mosque, constructed during the Ming dynasty
Hu Dahai was a Chinese Muslim general of the Hongwu Emperor.
Chinese Muslim explorer and admiral, Zheng He.
Giraffe brought to China, by Zheng He's Treasure Fleet.
The seventh voyage of Zheng He
Depiction of a Central Asian Muslim from Altishahr, during the Qing dynasty
Chinese Muslims during the 1800s by Julien-Léopold Boilly
290x290px
Pagoda composed of the Shahada and other Islamic prayers; section of an 1845 scroll
1939, Northwest China, Chinese Muslim fighters gather to fight against the Japanese
Dead bodies of the Chinese Hui Muslim Ha family who were slaughtered and raped by the Japanese in Nanjing
An ethnic Hui family celebrating Eid ul-Fitr in Ningxia
Eid al-Adha at Jiangwan Mosque, Shanghai
Muslim, Bonan children
Uyghur Muslims in a livestock market in Kashgar.
99 names of Allah, in Chinese Sini
Chinese Muslim students
Late 19th century map of Hajj pilgrimage routes, by land and by sea, from China to Mecca.
Headquarters of the Islamic Association of China in Beijing
The Niujie Mosque in Beijing
Id Kah Mosque
Locations of Chinese Muslim Sites (2018)
Number of Chinese Muslim Sites per county (2018)
A halal butcher shop at Huxi Mosque in Shanghai
Sini-style Arabic calligraphy of the first Shahada (La 'ilāha 'illā Allāh) at the Great Mosque of Xi'an
A Chinese-Arabic-Xiaoerjing dictionary from the early days of the People's Republic of China

Though Hui Muslims are the most numerous group, the greatest concentration of Muslims are in Xinjiang, which contains a significant Uyghur population.

Lesser yet significant populations reside in the regions of Ningxia, Gansu and Qinghai.

A 2019 paper from the Gallatin School of Individualized Study interviewed Hui Muslims in Xining, Lanzhou, and Yinchuan and found that none saw the recent policies or government as detrimental to their religious lives.

Map of the Hexi Corridor

Hexi Corridor

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Map of the Hexi Corridor
Mural commemorating victory of General Zhang Yichao over the Tibetan Empire in 848. Mogao cave 156, late Chinese Tang Dynasty
Tang-era map showing the Hexi Corridor connecting China proper to the Tarim Basin
The ruins of a Han Dynasty watchtower made of rammed earth at Dunhuang.

The Hexi Corridor (, Xiao'erjing: حْسِ ظِوْلاْ, IPA: Help:IPA/Mandarin), also known as the Gansu Corridor, is an important historical region located in the modern western Gansu province of China.

As part of the Northern Silk Road, running northwest from the western section of the Ordos Loop between Yinchuan and Lanzhou, the Hexi Corridor was the most important trade route in Northwest China.

It was during this rebellion that the Tang withdrew its western garrisons stationed in what is now Gansu and Qinghai, which the Tibetans then occupied along with the area that is modern Xinjiang.

Map including Ürümqi (labeled as TI-HUA (WU-LU-MU-CH'I)) (ATC, 1971)

Ürümqi

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Map including Ürümqi (labeled as TI-HUA (WU-LU-MU-CH'I)) (ATC, 1971)
Map including Ürümqi (labeled as WU-LU-MU-CH'I) and nearby areas from the International Map of the World (1975)
Mosque in Ürümqi
Outer Ring Road viaducts in Ürümqi at night
Buildings in Ürümqi CBDs near People's Square
People's Square
International Grand Bazaar Xinjiang
Xinjiang University of Finance and Economics.
Ürümqi No.1 High School.
Ürümqi Diwopu International Airport.
Ürümqi South Railway Station.

Ürümqi ( also spelled Ürümchi or without umlauts), formerly known as Dihua (also spelled Tihwa), is the capital of the Xinjiang Uyghur Autonomous Region in the far northwest of the People's Republic of China.

Han Chinese from all over China moved into Dihua, as did Chinese Hui Muslims from Gansu and Shaanxi.

According to this report, seven of these cities are in China, including Taiyuan, Beijing, Lanzhou, Chongqing, Jinan, and Shijiazhuang (besides Ürümqi).

Gobi by NASA World Wind

Gobi Desert

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Large desert or brushland region in East Asia, and is the sixth largest desert in the world.

Large desert or brushland region in East Asia, and is the sixth largest desert in the world.

Gobi by NASA World Wind
Sand dunes in Inner Mongolia Autonomous Region, China
Flaming Cliffs in Mongolia
Sacred ovoo in the Gobi Desert
The sand dunes of Khongoryn Els, Gurvansaikhan NP, Mongolia
Remains of the Great Wall of China in the Gobi Desert
Bactrian camels in the Bayankhongor Province of Mongolia
A Khulan (Mongolian wild ass) on a hill in the eastern Gobi of Mongolia at sunset.
Alxa Left Banner, Inner Mongolia, China

Some geographers and ecologists prefer to regard the western area of the Gobi region (as defined above): the basin of the Tarim in Xinjiang and the desert basin of Lop Nor and Hami (Kumul), as forming a separate and independent desert, called the Taklamakan Desert.

Among the most important are those from Kalgan (at the Great Wall) to Ulaanbaatar (960 km); from Jiuquan (in Gansu) to Hami 670 km; from Hami to Beijing (2000 km); from Hohhot to Hami and Barkul; and from Lanzhou (in Gansu) to Hami.