Gojong of Goryeo

The twenty-third ruler of Goryeo in present-day Korea from 1213–1259.

- Gojong of Goryeo

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Mongol invasions of Korea

A series of campaigns were conducted between 1231 and 1270 by the Mongol Empire against the Goryeo dynasty of Korea.

Mail shirt with attached metal plates, Goryeo, 14th c.

The capital of Goryeo was moved to Ganghwado for the duration of the Mongol Invasions. The new capital was strongly fortified and was never conquered by the Mongols.

Gojong of Goryeo (reigned 1213–1259) was the 23rd king of the Goryeo dynasty of Korea.

To once again implore divine assistance with combating the Mongol threat, King Gojong thereafter ordered the revision and re-creation of the Tripiṭaka; the carving began in 1237 and was completed in 12 years, with support from Choe U and his son Choe Hang, and involving monks from both the Seon and Gyo schools.

Mongol Empire

The largest contiguous land empire in history.

Mongolian tribes during the Khitan Liao dynasty (907–1125)

The Old World on the eve of the Mongol invasions, c. 1200

Genghis Khan, National Palace Museum in Taipei, Taiwan

Genghis Khan ascended the throne in the Ikh Khuraldai region in the Onan river, from the Jami' al-tawarikh.

Coronation of Ögedei Khan in 1229 as the successor of Genghis Khan. By Rashid al-Din, early 14th century.

The sack of Suzdal by Batu Khan in 1238, miniature from a 16th-century chronicle

The battle of Liegnitz, 1241. From a medieval manuscript of the Hedwig legend.

Güyük Khan demanding Pope Innocent IV's submission. The 1246 letter was written in Persian.

A Stone Turtle at the site of the Mongol capital, Karakorum.

Hulagu, Genghis Khan's grandson and founder of the Il-Khanate. From a medieval Persian manuscript.

The extent of the Mongol Empire after the death of Möngke Khan (reigned 1251–1259).

Kublai Khan, Genghis Khan's grandson and founder of the Yuan dynasty

The samurai Suenaga facing Mongol's bomb and Goryeo's arrows. Mōko Shūrai Ekotoba (蒙古襲来絵詞), circa 1293.

defeating the Mongolian invasion army (left) Samurai Mitsui Sukenaga (right)

Mongol warrior on horseback, preparing a mounted archery shot.

A European depiction of the four khans, Temür (Yuan), Chapar (House of Ögedei), Toqta (Golden Horde), and Öljaitü (Ilkhanate), in the Fleur des histoires d'orient.

Hungarian King Béla IV in flight from the Mongols under general Kadan of the Golden Horde.

The successor states of the Mongol Empire in 1335: the Ilkhanate, Golden Horde, Yuan dynasty and Chagatai Khanate

The Battle of Blue Waters in 1362, in which Lithuania successfully pushed the Golden Horde from the Principality of Kiev.

Mongol general Subutai of the Golden Horde

The executed – the long and full beard probably means he is not a Mongol – has been thrown off a cliff.

Persian miniature depicting Ghazan's conversion from Buddhism to Islam.

A 1363 astronomical handbook with Middle Mongolian glosses. Known as the Sanjufini Zij.

Mongols look on as Persian astronomers work. Early 14th century illustration in the Compendium of Chronicles.

A 1305 letter (on a scroll measuring 302 by) from the Ilkhan Mongol Öljaitü to King Philip IV of France.

Gold dinar of Genghis Khan, struck at the Ghazna (Ghazni) mint, dated 1221/2

Map showing the boundary of 13th century Mongol Empire compared to today's Mongols in Mongolia, Russia, the Central Asian States, and China

Tokhtamysh and the armies of the Golden Horde initiate the Siege of Moscow (1382).

Dominican martyrs killed by Mongols during the Mongol invasion of Poland in 1260.

Gojong, the king of Goryeo, surrendered but later revolted and massacred Mongol darughachis (overseers); he then moved his imperial court from Gaeseong to Ganghwa Island.

Goryeo

Korean kingdom founded in 918, during a time of national division called the Later Three Kingdoms period, that unified and ruled the Korean Peninsula until 1392.

Bronze statue of Taejo, c. undefined 951

Rafter finial in the shape of a dragon's head and wind chime, c. undefined 10th century

The Cheolli Jangseong (blue), a wall built by Goryeo in the aftermath of the Goryeo-Khitan War

The engraving of the original Tripitaka Koreana was begun in 1011 during the Khitan invasions to draw strength from the Buddha in defense of the kingdom.

The early 12th century was the height of the Korean celadon tradition and saw the full development of the indigenous "sanggam" technique of inlaid celadon.

General Yun Gwan (1040–1111) and his army.

Gyeongcheonsa Pagoda is a 10-story high marble pagoda made in 1348 that now sits in the National Museum of Korea.

King Gongmin (1330–1374) and Queen Noguk.

Yi Je-hyun (1287–1367), a civil bureaucrat and early Neo-Confucian scholar in Goryeo Dynasty.

Yeom Je-sin (1304–1382) was the main political opponent of the monk, Shin Don, who was in power.

Illustration of the Amitayurdhyana Sutra, c. undefined 13th century. A palace exemplifying the architecture of Goryeo is depicted.

General Gang Gam-chan was best known for his military victories during the Third conflict in the Goryeo–Khitan War.

A Goryeo painting which depicts the Goryeo nobility.

Illustration of Maitreyavyakarana sutra (彌勒下生經變相圖)

Gwangyeongseopum Byeonsangdo, Goryeo buddhist painting.

Illustrated manuscript of the Lotus Sutra, c. undefined 1340

Kangnido reflects the geographic knowledge of China during the Mongol Empire when geographical information about Western countries became available via Islamic geographers.

Celadon incense burner. National Treasures of South Korea.

Ewer with Cover, first half of the 12th century. Stoneware with underglaze slip decoration and celadon glaze. Celadon ceramics of the Goryeo dynasty (918–1392) are among the most celebrated works of Korean art. Their luminous green color is the result of iron in both the clay and the glaze oxidizing in a reduction kiln. Brooklyn Museum

A Korean stoneware cosmetic box with white and black inlay and a celadon glaze, from the Goryeo Dynasty, dated c. 1150–1250

Jikji, Selected Teachings of Buddhist Sages and Seon Masters, the earliest known book printed with movable metal type, 1377. Bibliothèque Nationale de Paris.

Then, Choe found the pliable King Gojong instead.

Age of Warriors

South Korean historical television series.

Yongin MBC Daejanggeum Park, where many sageuk television series are shot

Oh Hyun-chul as King Gojong (Crown Prince Wang Cheol), 23rd monarch

God of War (TV series)

2012 South Korean television series starring Kim Joo-hyuk as the real-life historical figure Kim Jun who was written about in the Goryeosa.

During the Mongol invasions of Korea, Kim Jun rises in the ranks to become the top military official, and eventually rules the Goryeo empire for 60 years in place of its king.