A report on Guatemala, Mexico and Mesoamerica

Depiction of the founding myth of Mexico-Tenochtitlan from the Codex Mendoza. The eagle perched on a cactus has been incorporated into the Mexican flag since its independence, and was a motif in colonial-era art.

A pair of swinging Remojadas figurines, Classic Veracruz culture, 300 to 900 CE.

Page 9 of the Dresden Codex (from the 1880 Förstermann edition)

The Conquistador Pedro de Alvarado led the initial Spanish efforts to conquer Guatemala.

View of the Pyramid of the Sun of Teotihuacan with first human establishment in the area dating back to 600 BCE

El Mirador flourished from 600 BCE to 100 CE, and may have had a population of over 100,000.

Criollos rejoice upon learning about the declaration of independence from Spain on 15 September 1821.

Cultivation of maize, shown in the Florentine Codex (1576) drawn by an indigenous scribe, with text in Nahuatl on this folio

The Federal Republic of Central America (1823–1838) with its capital in Guatemala City.

1945 mural by Diego Rivera depicting the view from the Tlatelolco markets into Mexico-Tenochtitlan, the largest city in the Americas at the time

Proclamation Coin 1847 of the independent Republic of Guatemala

Hernán Cortés and his multilingual cultural translator, Doña Marina ("Malinche"), meeting Moctezuma II from the Lienzo de Tlaxcala, a document created ca. 1550 by the Tlaxcalans to remind the Spanish of their loyalty and the importance of Tlaxcala during the conquest of the Aztec Empire.

Tikal is one of the largest archaeological sites, urban centers, and tourist attractions of the pre-Columbian Maya civilization. It is located in the archaeological region of the Petén Basin in what is now northern Guatemala.

Captain General Rafael Carrera after being appointed president for Life in 1854.

Smallpox depicted by an indigenous artist in the 1576 Florentine Codex

Vicente Cerna y Cerna was the president of Guatemala from 1865 to 1871.

View of the Plaza Mayor (today Zócalo) in Mexico City (ca. 1695) by Cristóbal de Villalpando

Pyramid of the Moon viewed from atop of the Pyramid of the Sun.

Manuel Estrada Cabrera ruled Guatemala between 1898 and 1920.

New Spain was essential to the Spanish global trading system. White represents the route of the Spanish Manila Galleons in the Pacific and the Spanish convoys in the Atlantic. (Blue represents Portuguese routes.)

Xochicalco, Temple of the Feathered Serpent, 650–900 CE

Guatemala's democratically elected president Jacobo Árbenz was overthrown in a coup planned by the CIA, The United Fruit Company had lobbied the U.S. to overthrow him.

Silver peso mined and minted in colonial Mexico, which became a global currency

Detail of the Nunnery Quadrangle at Uxmal, 10th century

Memorial to the victims of the Río Negro massacres

Viceroyalty of New Spain following the signing of the 1819 Adams-Onís Treaty

Mesoamerica and Central America in the 16th century before Spanish arrival

An outdoor market in Chichicastenango, 2009

Luis de Mena, Virgin of Guadalupe and castas, showing race mixture and hierarchy as well as fruits of the realm, ca. 1750

Guatemala City is the capital and largest city of Guatemala and the most populous urban area in Central America.

Father Hidalgo used this banner of the Virgin of Guadalupe as their emblem

Siege of the Alhondiga de Granaditas, Guanajuato, 28 Sept. 1810.

K'inich Kan B'alam II, the Classic period ruler of Palenque, as depicted on a stele

Flag of the Army of the Three Guarantees, the force formed by ex-royalist Iturbide and insurgent Vicente Guerrero in February 1821

Illustration that recreates the structures of the archaeological site of Yarumela or El Chircal in Honduras, this place reflects the Olmec influence that existed in Central America in the pre-classic period.

Flag of the First Mexican Empire under Agustín I, 1822-23, with the eagle wearing a crown

"Head Variant" or "Patron Gods" glyphs for Maya days

A town along the Pan-American Highway within a volcanic crater.

Flag of the First Republic of Mexico, with the eagle without a crown, signaling the new republic

The Congress of the Republic of Guatemala.

One of the earliest examples of the Mesoamerican writing systems, the Epi-Olmec script on the La Mojarra Stela 1 dated to around 150 CE. Mesoamerica is one of the five places in the world where writing has developed independently.

Historical GDP per capita development of El Salvador, Guatemala and Honduras

Portrait of Liberal President Benito Juárez

The xoloitzcuintle is one of the naguales of the god Quetzalcoatl. In this form, it helps the dead cross the Chicnahuapan, a river that separates the world of the living from the dead.

A proportional representation of Guatemala exports, 2019

The Execution of Emperor Maximilian, 19 June 1867. Gen. Tomás Mejía, left, Maximiian, center, Gen. Miguel Miramón, right. Painting by Édouard Manet 1868.

President Porfirio Díaz linking himself to independence hero Hidalgo and liberal hero Juárez September 1910.

Ritual human sacrifice portrayed in Codex Laud

Francisco I. Madero, who challenged Díaz in the fraudulent 1910 election and was elected president when Díaz was forced to resign in May 1911.

A small ceremonial ballcourt at Uaxactun.

Revolutionary Generals Pancho Villa (left) and Emiliano Zapata (right)

Ballgame marker from the classic Lowland Maya site of Chinkultic, Mexico depicting a ballplayer in full gear

General Álvaro Obregón (far left) shown with a cigar in his left hand and his right arm missing, center with the white beard is First Chief Venustiano Carranza

The Avenue of the Dead in Teotihuacan, an example of a Mesoamerican settlement planned according to concepts of directionality

Indigenous Guatemalan women in Antigua Guatemala.

Art with ideological and political meaning: depiction of an Aztec tzompantli (skull-rack) from the Ramirez Codex

Language map of Guatemala. The "Castilian" areas represent Spanish.

Pemex, the national oil company created in 1938 for reasons of economic nationalism; it continues to provide major revenues for the government

The Catedral Metropolitana, Guatemala City.

NAFTA signing ceremony, October 1992. From left to right: (standing) President Carlos Salinas de Gortari (Mexico), President George H. W. Bush (U.S.), and Prime Minister Brian Mulroney (Canada)

Vicente Fox and his opposition National Action Party won the 2000 general election, ending one-party rule.

Mexico map of Köppen climate classification

Sculpture of "The Acrobat" from Tlatilco

Estadio Doroteo Guamuch Flores in Guatemala City.

Pyramid of the archaeological site of La Venta 1000-400 BCE

The National Palace on the east side of Plaza de la Constitución or Zócalo, the main square of Mexico City; it was the residence of viceroys and Presidents of Mexico and now the seat of the Mexican government.

Andrés Manuel López Obrador President of Mexico

The partly excavated main structure of San José Mogote 1500–500 BCE

Alfonso García Robles diplomat who received the Nobel Peace Prize in 1982

Monte Albán, Building J in the foreground. 200 BCE – 200 CE

Demonstration on 26 September 2015, in the first anniversary of the disappearance of the 43 students in the Mexican town of Iguala

A reconstruction of Guachimontones, flourished from 200 to 400 CE

The territorial evolution of Mexico after independence: secession of Central America (purple), Chiapas annexed from Guatemala (blue), losses to the U.S. (red, white and orange) and the reannexation of the Republic of Yucatán (red)

A proportional representation of Mexico's exports. The country has the most complex economy in Latin America.

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Historical GDP per capita development of Mexico

Mask located on the "Temple of the Masks" Kohunlich c. 500 CE

K'inich Janaab Pakal I of Palenque 603–683 AD

The Central Eólica Sureste I, Fase II in Oaxaca. The Isthmus of Tehuantepec is the region of Mexico with the highest capacity for wind energy. (see Tehuantepecer, a strong wind that affects the region)

Copan Stela H commissioned by Uaxaclajuun Ubʼaah Kʼawiil 695–738 AD

Guillermo Haro Observatory in Cananea, Sonora.

Jaina Island type figure (Maya) 650–800 AD

Cancun and the Riviera Maya is the most visited region in Latin America

Cacaxtla, Mural depicting the Bird Man 650–900 AD

The Baluarte Bridge is the highest cable-stayed bridge in the world, the fifth-highest bridge overall and the highest bridge in the Americas.

Chichen Itza, Temple of the Jaguars 900–1000 AD

Governor's Palace rear view and details, 10th century CE, Uxmal

Las castas. Casta painting showing 16 racial groupings. Anonymous, 18th century, oil on canvas, 148×104 cm, Museo Nacional del Virreinato, Tepotzotlán, Mexico.

Colonial caste painting of Mexican family in Viceroyalty of New Spain

Chichen Itza, "Temple of Three Dintels" 600–1000 CE

Octavio Paz was awarded the 1981 Miguel de Cervantes Prize, the 1982 Neustadt International Prize for Literature, and the 1990 Nobel Prize in Literature.

Our Lady of Guadalupe, patron saint of Mexico. This painting of her at the Basilica of Guadalupe is among her most notable depictions. Scientists debate if it should be dated 1531, the year of the first apparition was said to appear, or the 1550s.

The Calendar temple of Tlatelolco, 1200 CE

Detail of page 20 from the Codex Zouche-Nuttall, 14–15th century

General Hospital of Mexico in Mexico City.

Central Library of the National Autonomous University of Mexico

Olga Sánchez Cordero, Minister of the Interior (Gobernacion) in President López Obrador's cabinet

Palacio de Bellas Artes (Palace of Fine Arts), with murals, other artwork, and a major performance space

Mexican Muralism. A cultural expression starting in the 1920s created by a group of Mexican painters after the Mexican Revolution.

Monument to Cuauhtémoc, Paseo de la Reforma, Mexico City (1887)

The colonial-era Cathedral Mexico City dominates one side of the main square of the capital

David Alfaro Siqueiros by Héctor García Cobo at Lecumberri prison, Mexico City, 1960.

Sor Juana Inés de la Cruz, "The Tenth Muse." Posthmous portrait Juan Cabrera

Actress Dolores del Río, Hollywood star in the 1920s and 1930s and prominent figure of the Golden Age of Mexican cinema in the 1940s and 1950s

Mole sauce, which has dozens of varieties across the Republic, is seen as a symbol of Mexicanidad and is considered Mexico's national dish.

Portrait of composer Carlos Chávez by Carl van Vechten

Plaque in Mexico City commemorating Lucha libre as an intangible cultural heritage

View of the Pyramid of the Sun of Teotihuacan, the first human establishment in the area dating back to 600 BCE

View of the Pyramid of the Sun in the ancient city-state of Teotihuacan, which was the 6th largest city in the world at its peak (1 AD to 500 AD)

Temple of Kukulcán (El Castillo) in the maya city of Chichen Itza

Storming of the Teocalli by Cortez and his Troops (1848)

The Baluarte Bridge was the highest cable-stayed bridge in the world, the fifth-highest bridge overall and is the highest bridge in the Americas.

Students in a burned bus during the protests of 1968

Diego Rivera and Frida Kahlo, two of the most famous mexican artists

Pico de Orizaba, the highest mountain in Mexico

Chamber of Deputies, the lower house of the Congress of Mexico

Alfonso Cuarón, the first mexican filmmaker to win the Academy Award for Best Director

Headquarters of the Secretariat of Foreign Affairs

El Santo, one of the most iconic Mexican luchadores

Mexico City, the financial center of Mexico

Lake Chapala is Mexico's largest freshwater lake.

Regional variation of ancestry according to a study made by Ruiz-Linares in 2014, each dot represents a volunteer, with most coming from south Mexico and Mexico City.

Map for the year 2000 of the indigenous languages of Mexico having more than 100,000 speakers.

Mexico–United States barrier between San Diego's border patrol offices in California, USA (left) and Tijuana, Mexico (right)

Secretary of Health, Mexico City, Mexico.

Frida Kahlo, the most famous woman artist in Mexican history.

Octavio Paz was awarded the 1990 Nobel Prize in Literature

El Santo, one of the most famous and iconic Mexican luchadores

It is bordered to the north and west by Mexico; to the northeast by Belize and the Caribbean; to the east by Honduras; to the southeast by El Salvador and to the south by the Pacific Ocean.

- Guatemala

It is bordered to the north by the United States; to the south and west by the Pacific Ocean; to the southeast by Guatemala, Belize, and the Caribbean Sea; and to the east by the Gulf of Mexico.

- Mexico

It extends from approximately central Mexico through Belize, Guatemala, El Salvador, Honduras, Nicaragua, and northern Costa Rica.

- Mesoamerica

The core of the Maya civilization, which extended across Mesoamerica, was historically based in the territory of modern Guatemala.

- Guatemala

In particular, the Mesoamerican region was home to many intertwined civilizations; including the Olmec, Maya, Zapotec, Teotihuacan, and Purepecha.

- Mexico

3 related topics with Alpha

Maya civilization

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Remains in Joya de Cerén, a Classic-era settlement in El Salvador buried under volcanic ash around 600 AD. Its preservation has greatly helped in the study of everyday life in a Maya farming community.

Stela D from Quiriguá, representing king Kʼakʼ Tiliw Chan Yopaat

Calakmul was one of the most important Classic period cities.

Chichen Itza was the most important city in the northern Maya region.

Zaculeu was capital of the Postclassic Mam kingdom in the Guatemalan Highlands.

Mayapan was an important Postclassic city in the northern Yucatán Peninsula.

Page from the Lienzo de Tlaxcala showing the Spanish conquest of Iximche, known as Cuahtemallan in the Nahuatl language

Drawing by Frederick Catherwood of the Nunnery complex at Uxmal

1892 photograph of the Castillo at Chichen Itza, by Teoberto Maler

Stela from Toniná, representing the 6th-century king Bahlam Yaxuun Tihl

Classic period sculpture showing sajal Aj Chak Maax presenting captives before ruler Itzamnaaj Bʼalam III of Yaxchilan

Lintel 16 from Yaxchilán, depicting king Yaxun Bʼalam in warrior garb

The Puuc-style Labna gateway. The passage is formed by a corbel arch, a common element in Maya architecture.

Reconstruction of the urban core of Tikal in the 8th century AD

Fired bricks with animal designs from Comalcalco. Made from brick since there was a lack of readily available stone, it is unique among major Maya sites.

Terminal Classic palace complex at Sayil, in northern Yucatán

Temple I, at Tikal, was a funerary temple in honour of king Jasaw Chan Kʼawiil I.

Model of a triadic pyramid at Caracol, Belize

Pages from the Postclassic period Paris Codex, one of the few surviving Maya books in existence

Maya script on Cancuén Panel 3 describes the installation of two vassals at Machaquilá by Cancuén king Taj Chan Ahk.

Ceramic vessel painted with Maya script in the Ethnologisches Museum, Berlin

Representation of an astronomer from the Madrid Codex

Relief sculpture of a decapitated ballplayer, adorning the Great Ballcourt at Chichen Itza

The Museo Nacional de Arqueología y Etnología, in Guatemala City

The Maya civilization was a Mesoamerican civilization developed by the Maya peoples, and noted for its logosyllabic script—the most sophisticated and highly developed writing system in pre-Columbian Americas—as well as for its art, architecture, mathematics, calendar, and astronomical system.

The Maya civilization developed in the area that today comprises southeastern Mexico, all of Guatemala and Belize, and the western portions of Honduras and El Salvador.

Central America

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Region of North America.

Guatemala, El Salvador, Honduras, Nicaragua, Costa Rica, Panama and Belize are historically the seven nations in Central America politically, geographically and culturally.

The seven countries of Central America and their capitals

One of the hanging bridges of the skywalk at the Monteverde Cloud Forest Reserve in Monteverde, Costa Rica disappearing into the clouds

Linguistic variations of classic Central American Spanish.

Central America map of indigenous people before European contact

Coat of Arms of the Central American Parliament

Federal Republic of Central America, 4 Escudos (1835). Struck in the San Jose, Costa Rica mint (697 were minted)

Secretariat of Central American Economic Integration

The Great Blue Hole off the coast of Belize is a prime ecotourism destination. It is a UNESCO World Heritage Site

The city rail in La Ceiba, Honduras is one of the few remaining passenger train services in Central America

Ancient footprints of Acahualinca, Nicaragua

National Representation of Central America

Monteverde Cloud Forest Reserve, Costa Rica.

Turquoise-browed motmot, El Salvador and Nicaragua

It is bordered by Mexico to the north, Colombia to the south, the Caribbean Sea to the east, and the Pacific Ocean to the west.

Central America consists of seven countries: Belize, Costa Rica, El Salvador, Guatemala, Honduras, Nicaragua, and Panama.

It is also a part of the Mesoamerican biodiversity hotspot, which extends from northern Guatemala to central Panama.

Nahuatl

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Language or, by some definitions, a group of languages of the Uto-Aztecan language family.

Tree diagram of the relation between the Nahuan languages and the rest of the Uto-Aztecan language family, based on the internal classification of Nahuan given by Terrence

Page 51 of Book IX from the Florentine Codex. The text is in Nahuatl written in the Latin alphabet.

Map showing the areas of Mexico where Nahuatl is spoken today

The Aztecs called (red) tomatoes xitōmatl, whereas the green tomatillo was called tōmatl; the latter is the source for the English word tomato.

The place names Mapachtepec ('Raccoon Hill'), Mazatlan ('Deer Place') and Huitztlan ('Thorn Place') written in the Aztec writing system, from the Codex Mendoza

Page of Book IV from the Florentine Codex. The text is in Nahuatl written in the Latin alphabet.

Illustrated alphabet of the Nahuatl, Aztec or Mexicano language.

Varieties of Nahuatl are spoken by about 1.7 million Nahua peoples, most of whom live mainly in Central Mexico and have smaller population in the United States.

Starting in the 1970s, scholars of Mesoamerican ethnohistory have analyzed local-level texts in Nahuatl and other indigenous languages to gain insight into cultural change in the colonial era via linguistic changes, known at present as the New Philology.

Many well known toponyms also come from Nahuatl, including Mexico (from the Nahuatl word for the Aztec capital Mexihko) and Guatemala (from the word Kwahtemallan).