Top-left to bottom-right: Iranian child soldier on the frontlines

Iranian soldier in a trench wearing a gas mask to guard against Iraqi chemical attacks

Port quarter view of the USS Stark listing to port after being mistakenly struck by an Iraqi warplane

Pro-Iraq MEK forces killed during Iran's Operation Mersad

Iraqi prisoners of war after the recapture of Khorramshahr by Iranian forces

ZU-23-2 anti-aircraft gun being used by the Iranian Army
Flag of Kurdistan
A First Lieutenant of the U.S. 25th Infantry Division patrolling a local cemetery for some 1,500 victims in February 2005
Meeting of Mohammad Reza Pahlavi, Houari Boumédiène and Saddam Hussein (left to right) during the Algiers Agreement in 1975.
Kurdish-inhabited areas in the Middle East (1992)
Ali Hassan al-Majid "Chemical Ali" during an investigative hearing in 2004
Ruhollah Khomeini rose to power after the Iranian Revolution.
Yazidi new year celebrations in Lalish, 18 April 2017
An original bomb casing used as flower pot at the Halabja Memorial Monument in 2011
Location of Khuzestan Province in Iran which Iraq planned to annex
Faravahar (or Ferohar), one of the primary symbols of Zoroastrianism, believed to be the depiction of a Fravashi (guardian spirit)
Iranian President Abolhassan Banisadr, who was also commander-in-chief, on a Jeep-mounted 106mm recoilless anti-tank gun. Banisadr was impeached in June 1981.
Ṣalāḥ ad-Dīn Yūsuf ibn Ayyūb, or Saladin, founder of the Ayyubid dynasty in the Middle East
The Shatt al-Arab on the Iran–Iraq border
Kurdish Warriors by Frank Feller
Destroyed Iranian C-47 Skytrain
Karim Khan, the Laki ruler of the Zand Dynasty
Iranian F-14A Tomcats equipped with AIM-54A, AIM-7 and AIM-9 missiles.
Impression of a Kurdish man by American artist Antonio Zeno Shindle circa 1893
Resistance of the outnumbered and outgunned Iranians in Khorramshahr slowed the Iraqis for a month.
Provisions of the Treaty of Sèvres for an independent Kurdistan (in 1920)
Iranian president Abulhassan Banisadr on the battlefront
Kurdish-inhabited areas of the Middle East and the Soviet Union in 1986, according to the U.S. Central Intelligence Agency (CIA)
Iraqi President Saddam Hussein and Massoud Rajavi, the leader of MEK and the National Resistance Council of Iran (NCRI) in 1988.
Two Kurds From Constantinople 1899
The surprise attack on H-3 airbase is considered to be one of the most sophisticated air operations of the war.
Kurdish boys in Diyarbakir
Iranian soldier holding an IV bag during the Iran–Iraq War
Leyla Zana
Iranian Northrop F-5 aircraft during Iran-Iraq war
Iranian Kurds celebrating Newroz, 20 March 2018
Iraqi T-62 tank wreckage in Khuzestan Province, Iran
Qazi Muhammad, the President of the Republic of Kurdistan
Iraqi soldiers surrendering after the Liberation of Khorramshahr
The President of Iraq, Jalal Talabani, meeting with U.S. officials in Baghdad, Iraq, on 26 April 2006
Saddam Hussein in 1982
Kurdish girls in traditional Kurdish costume, Newroz picnic in Kirkuk
An admonitory declaration issued from the Iraqi government in order to warn Iranian troops in the Iran–Iraq War. The statement says: "Hey Iranians! No one has been downtrodden in the country where Ali ibn Abi Ṭālib, Husayn ibn Ali and Abbas ibn Ali are buried. Iraq has undoubtedly been an honorable country. All refugees are precious. Anyone who wants to live in exile can choose Iraq freely. We, the Sons of Iraq, have been ambushing foreign aggressors. The enemies who plan to assault Iraq will be disfavoured by God in this world and the hereafter. Be careful of attacking Iraq and Ali ibn Abi Ṭālib! If you surrender, you might be in peace."
Pro-independence rally in Erbil in September 2017
95,000 Iranian child soldiers were made casualties during the Iran–Iraq War, mostly between the ages of 16 and 17, with a few younger.
Kurdish YPG and YPJ fighters in Syria
Furthest ground gains
Tunar Rahmanoghly singing Kurdish song "Rinda Min". Khari Bulbul Music Festival
Iranian POWs in 1983 near Tikrit, Iraq
Protest in Berlin, Germany against Turkey's military offensive into north-eastern Syria on 10 October 2019
Iranian child soldier
Hamdi Ulukaya, Kurdish-American billionaire, founder and CEO of Chobani
Iraqi POW who was shot by Iranian troops after they conquered the Iraqi Majnoon oil field in October 1984
YPG's female fighters in Syria
Iranian troops fire 152 mm D-20 howitzer
The fox, a widely recurring character in Kurdish tales
Battle of the Marshes Iran front 1983 rest after exchange of fire 152 mm D-20 H
Modern rug from Bijar
Operation Earnest Will: Tanker convoy No. 12 under US Navy escort (21 October 1987)
A Kurdish nobleman bearing a jambiya dagger
A map indicating the attacks on civilian areas of Iran, Iraq, and Kuwait targeted during the "War of the Cities".
Kurdish woman with deq tattoo
Iraqi commanders discussing strategy on the battlefront (1986)
Kurdish musicians, 1890
Iranian President Ali Khamenei on the battlefront during the Iran–Iraq War
Bahman Ghobadi at the presentation of his film Nobody Knows About Persian Cats in San Sebastián, 2009
Operation Dawn 8 during which Iran captured the Faw Peninsula.
Eren Derdiyok, a Kurdish footballer, striker for the Swiss national football team
Iranian soldier killed during the Iran–Iraq War with Rouhollah Khomeini's photo on his uniform
The Marwanid Dicle Bridge, Diyarbakir
The People's Mujahedin of Iran, supported by Saddam, started a ten-day operation after both the Iranian and Iraqi governments accepted UN Resolution 598. Casualty estimates range from 2,000 to 10,000.
The Citadel of Erbil
Adnan Khairallah, Iraqi Defense Minister, meeting with Iraqi soldiers during the war
Mercier. Kurde (Asie) by Auguste Wahlen, 1843
IRGC navy speedboats using swarm tactics
Kurdish warriors by Amadeo Preziosi
An Iranian soldier wearing a gas mask during the Iran–Iraq War.
Armenian, Turkish and Kurdish females in their traditional clothes, 1873
The Iranian frigate IS Sahand burns after being hit by 20 U.S. air launched missiles and bombs, killing a third of the crew, April 1988
Zakho Kurds by Albert Kahn, 1910s
Iranian soldiers captured during Iraq's 1988 offensives
Kurdish Cavalry in the passes of the Caucasus mountains (The New York Times, January 24, 1915)
USS Vincennes in 1987 a year before it shot down Iran Air Flight 655
A Kurdish woman from Kirkuk, 1922
MEK Soldiers killed in Operation Mersad in 1988
A Kurdish chief
Al-Shaheed Monument in Baghdad was erected to commemorate the fallen Iraqi soldiers during the war.
A Kurdish woman from Piranshahr, Iran, Antoin Sevruguin
Iranian Martyr Cemetery in Isfahan
A Kurdish woman and a child from Bisaran, Eastern Kurdistan, 2017
Iranian Martyrs Museum in Tehran
A group of Kurdish men with traditional clothing, Hawraman
An Iranian soldier's funeral in Mashhad, 2013
A Kurdish man wearing traditional clothes, Erbil
An Iraqi Mil Mi-24 on display at the military museum of Sa'dabad Palace in Iran
A Kurdish woman fighter from Rojava
President Ronald Reagan and Vice President George H. W. Bush work in the Oval Office of the White House, 20 July 1984.
USS Stark (FFG-31) listing following two hits by Exocet missiles.
Victims of the 1987 chemical attack on Sardasht, West Azerbaijan, Iran
Damage to a mosque in Khoramshahr, Iran, the city that was invaded by Iraq in September 1980

The Halabja massacre (Kêmyabarana Helebce کیمیابارانی ھەڵەبجە), also known as the Halabja chemical attack, was a massacre of Kurdish people that took place on 16 March 1988, during the closing days of the Iran–Iraq War in Halabja, Iraq.

- Halabja massacre

In total, around 500,000 people were killed during the war (with Iran bearing the larger share of the casualties), excluding the tens of thousands of civilians killed in the concurrent Anfal campaign targeting Kurds in Iraq.

- Iran–Iraq War

During Iran–Iraq War, Tehran has provided support for Iraqi-based Kurdish groups like KDP or PUK, along with asylum for 1.4 million Iraqi refugees, mostly Kurds.

- Kurds

The campaign included the use of ground offensives, aerial bombing, systematic destruction of settlements, mass deportation, firing squads, and chemical attacks, including the most infamous attack on the Kurdish town of Halabja in 1988 that killed 5000 civilians instantly.

- Kurds

While little known outside of Iran (unlike the later Halabja massacre), the Sardasht bombing (and future similar attacks) had a tremendous effect on the Iranian people's psyche.

- Iran–Iraq War
Top-left to bottom-right: Iranian child soldier on the frontlines

Iranian soldier in a trench wearing a gas mask to guard against Iraqi chemical attacks

Port quarter view of the USS Stark listing to port after being mistakenly struck by an Iraqi warplane

Pro-Iraq MEK forces killed during Iran's Operation Mersad

Iraqi prisoners of war after the recapture of Khorramshahr by Iranian forces

ZU-23-2 anti-aircraft gun being used by the Iranian Army

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Halabja

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City in the Kurdistan Region of Iraq and the capital of Halabja Governorate, located about 150 mi northeast of Baghdad and 9 mi from the Iranian border.

City in the Kurdistan Region of Iraq and the capital of Halabja Governorate, located about 150 mi northeast of Baghdad and 9 mi from the Iranian border.

The Kurds in the city of Halabja generally speak only the Sorani dialect of Kurdish, but some residents of the surrounding villages speak the Hewrami dialect.

The Kurdish peshmerga guerrillas, supported by Iran, captured Halabja in the final phase of the Iran–Iraq War.

At 11:00 AM, On March 16, 1988, after two days of conventional artillery attacks, Iraqi planes dropped gas canisters on the town.