A report on Saddam Hussein, Iran–Iraq War and Halabja massacre

Saddam in August 1998, preparing to deliver a speech for the 10th anniversary of the end of the Iran–Iraq War
Top-left to bottom-right: Iranian child soldier on the frontlines Iranian soldier in a trench wearing a gas mask to guard against Iraqi chemical attacks Port quarter view of the USS Stark listing to port after being mistakenly struck by an Iraqi warplane Pro-Iraq MEK forces killed during Iran's Operation Mersad Iraqi prisoners of war after the recapture of Khorramshahr by Iranian forces ZU-23-2 anti-aircraft gun being used by the Iranian Army
A First Lieutenant of the U.S. 25th Infantry Division patrolling a local cemetery for some 1,500 victims in February 2005
Saddam in August 1998, preparing to deliver a speech for the 10th anniversary of the end of the Iran–Iraq War
Meeting of Mohammad Reza Pahlavi, Houari Boumédiène and Saddam Hussein (left to right) during the Algiers Agreement in 1975.
Ali Hassan al-Majid "Chemical Ali" during an investigative hearing in 2004
Saddam in his youth as a shepherd in his village, near Tikrit
Ruhollah Khomeini rose to power after the Iranian Revolution.
An original bomb casing used as flower pot at the Halabja Memorial Monument in 2011
Saddam Hussein and the Ba'ath Party student cell, Cairo, in the period 1959–1963
Location of Khuzestan Province in Iran which Iraq planned to annex
Promoting women's literacy and education in the 1970s
Iranian President Abolhassan Banisadr, who was also commander-in-chief, on a Jeep-mounted 106mm recoilless anti-tank gun. Banisadr was impeached in June 1981.
Saddam in 1974
The Shatt al-Arab on the Iran–Iraq border
Saddam talking to Michel Aflaq, the founder of Ba'athist thought, in 1988
Destroyed Iranian C-47 Skytrain
Alexei Kosygin (left) and Ahmed Hassan al-Bakr signing the Iraqi–Soviet Treaty of Friendship and Co-Operation in 1972
Iranian F-14A Tomcats equipped with AIM-54A, AIM-7 and AIM-9 missiles.
Propaganda art to glorify Saddam after Iran–Iraq War, 1988.
Resistance of the outnumbered and outgunned Iranians in Khorramshahr slowed the Iraqis for a month.
Saddam Hussein and al-Bakr, de jure president of Iraq alongside Hafez al-Assad of Syria at an Arab Summit in Baghdad in November 1978
Iranian president Abulhassan Banisadr on the battlefront
Saddam greeting Carlos Cardoen, a Chilean businessman who provided Iraq with weapons during the war in the 1980s
Iraqi President Saddam Hussein and Massoud Rajavi, the leader of MEK and the National Resistance Council of Iran (NCRI) in 1988.
U.S. Ambassador to Iraq April Glaspie meets Saddam for an emergency meeting
The surprise attack on H-3 airbase is considered to be one of the most sophisticated air operations of the war.
Iraqi stamp about the Arab Cooperation Council (ACC), founded 1989 by Saleh of (North) Yemen, king Hussein of Jordan, Saddam Hussein and Hosni Mubarak of Egypt
Iranian soldier holding an IV bag during the Iran–Iraq War
Saddam in duty uniform
Iranian Northrop F-5 aircraft during Iran-Iraq war
Saddam addresses state television, in January 2001
Iraqi T-62 tank wreckage in Khuzestan Province, Iran
Saddam Hussein in 1996
Iraqi soldiers surrendering after the Liberation of Khorramshahr
Statue of Saddam being toppled in Firdos Square after the invasion
Saddam Hussein in 1982
Saddam is discovered and interrogated by American soldiers, December 2003
An admonitory declaration issued from the Iraqi government in order to warn Iranian troops in the Iran–Iraq War. The statement says: "Hey Iranians! No one has been downtrodden in the country where Ali ibn Abi Ṭālib, Husayn ibn Ali and Abbas ibn Ali are buried. Iraq has undoubtedly been an honorable country. All refugees are precious. Anyone who wants to live in exile can choose Iraq freely. We, the Sons of Iraq, have been ambushing foreign aggressors. The enemies who plan to assault Iraq will be disfavoured by God in this world and the hereafter. Be careful of attacking Iraq and Ali ibn Abi Ṭālib! If you surrender, you might be in peace."
Saddam Hussein shortly after capture
95,000 Iranian child soldiers were made casualties during the Iran–Iraq War, mostly between the ages of 16 and 17, with a few younger.
Hussein after being captured and shaven to confirm his identity
Furthest ground gains
Saddam speaks in court
Iranian POWs in 1983 near Tikrit, Iraq
Saddam Hussein's family, mid-late 1980s
Iranian child soldier
Saddam Hussein's sons Qusay and Uday were killed in a gun battle in Mosul on 22 July 2003.
Iraqi POW who was shot by Iranian troops after they conquered the Iraqi Majnoon oil field in October 1984
Iranian troops fire 152 mm D-20 howitzer
Battle of the Marshes Iran front 1983 rest after exchange of fire 152 mm D-20 H
Operation Earnest Will: Tanker convoy No. 12 under US Navy escort (21 October 1987)
A map indicating the attacks on civilian areas of Iran, Iraq, and Kuwait targeted during the "War of the Cities".
Iraqi commanders discussing strategy on the battlefront (1986)
Iranian President Ali Khamenei on the battlefront during the Iran–Iraq War
Operation Dawn 8 during which Iran captured the Faw Peninsula.
Iranian soldier killed during the Iran–Iraq War with Rouhollah Khomeini's photo on his uniform
The People's Mujahedin of Iran, supported by Saddam, started a ten-day operation after both the Iranian and Iraqi governments accepted UN Resolution 598. Casualty estimates range from 2,000 to 10,000.
Adnan Khairallah, Iraqi Defense Minister, meeting with Iraqi soldiers during the war
IRGC navy speedboats using swarm tactics
An Iranian soldier wearing a gas mask during the Iran–Iraq War.
The Iranian frigate IS Sahand burns after being hit by 20 U.S. air launched missiles and bombs, killing a third of the crew, April 1988
Iranian soldiers captured during Iraq's 1988 offensives
USS Vincennes in 1987 a year before it shot down Iran Air Flight 655
MEK Soldiers killed in Operation Mersad in 1988
Al-Shaheed Monument in Baghdad was erected to commemorate the fallen Iraqi soldiers during the war.
Iranian Martyr Cemetery in Isfahan
Iranian Martyrs Museum in Tehran
An Iranian soldier's funeral in Mashhad, 2013
An Iraqi Mil Mi-24 on display at the military museum of Sa'dabad Palace in Iran
President Ronald Reagan and Vice President George H. W. Bush work in the Oval Office of the White House, 20 July 1984.
USS Stark (FFG-31) listing following two hits by Exocet missiles.
Victims of the 1987 chemical attack on Sardasht, West Azerbaijan, Iran
Damage to a mosque in Khoramshahr, Iran, the city that was invaded by Iraq in September 1980

The Halabja massacre (Kêmyabarana Helebce کیمیابارانی ھەڵەبجە), also known as the Halabja chemical attack, was a massacre of Kurdish people that took place on 16 March 1988, during the closing days of the Iran–Iraq War in Halabja, Iraq.

- Halabja massacre

Iraq's primary rationale for the invasion was to cripple Iran and prevent Ruhollah Khomeini from exporting the 1979 Iranian Revolution movement to Shia-majority Iraq and internally exploit religious tensions that would threaten the Sunni-dominated Ba'athist leadership led by Saddam Hussein.

- Iran–Iraq War

The Halabja attack has been officially defined by the Supreme Iraqi Criminal Tribunal as a genocidal massacre against the Kurdish people in Iraq under Saddam Hussein.

- Halabja massacre

He suppressed several movements, particularly Shi'a and Kurdish movements which sought to overthrow the government or gain independence, respectively, and maintained power during the Iran–Iraq War and the Gulf War.

- Saddam Hussein

(see Halabja massacre) The attack occurred in conjunction with the 1988 al-Anfal Campaign designed to reassert central control of the mostly Kurdish population of areas of northern Iraq and defeat the Kurdish peshmerga rebel forces.

- Saddam Hussein

While little known outside of Iran (unlike the later Halabja massacre), the Sardasht bombing (and future similar attacks) had a tremendous effect on the Iranian people's psyche.

- Iran–Iraq War
Saddam in August 1998, preparing to deliver a speech for the 10th anniversary of the end of the Iran–Iraq War

2 related topics with Alpha

Overall
Footwear of a child found in an Anfal mass grave

Anfal campaign

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Counterinsurgency operation which was carried out by Ba'athist Iraq in the late 1980s.

Counterinsurgency operation which was carried out by Ba'athist Iraq in the late 1980s.

Footwear of a child found in an Anfal mass grave
Monument at the mass grave of victims of the Halabja chemical attack
Rizgary, former Sumud relocation camp for Anfal survivors (photographed 2011)
Memorial to Anfal victims at the Amna Suraka museum in Sulaimaniyya

The Iraqi forces were led by Ali Hassan al-Majid, on the orders of President Saddam Hussein, against Iraqi Kurdistan in northern Iraq during the final stages of the Iran–Iraq War.

This led to the poison gas attack on Halabja on 16 March 1988, during which 3,200–5,000 Kurdish people were killed, most of them civilians.

Halabja

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City in the Kurdistan Region of Iraq and the capital of Halabja Governorate, located about 150 mi northeast of Baghdad and 9 mi from the Iranian border.

City in the Kurdistan Region of Iraq and the capital of Halabja Governorate, located about 150 mi northeast of Baghdad and 9 mi from the Iranian border.

But Halabja suffered much more during the Al-Anfal campaign, in which Saddam Hussein violently suppressed Kurdish revolts during the Iran–Iraq War.

The Kurdish peshmerga guerrillas, supported by Iran, captured Halabja in the final phase of the Iran–Iraq War.

At 11:00 AM, On March 16, 1988, after two days of conventional artillery attacks, Iraqi planes dropped gas canisters on the town.