A report on Hebei and Inner Mongolia

Nearly 1100-year-old Iron Lion of Cangzhou
Persian miniature depicting Genghis Khan entering Beijing
Tricolor Duck-Shaped Cup, Tang Dynasty, unearthed from Anxin County
The Northern Yuan at its greatest extent
The Putuo Zongcheng Temple of Chengde, Hebei, built in 1771 during the reign of the Qianlong Emperor.
Mongolia plateau during early 17th century
Hebei in 1936
Inner Mongolia and Outer Mongolia within the Qing dynasty, c. 1820
Langyashan (Wolf Tooth Mountain), in Yi County
Mongols stand in front of a yurt, 1912
Section of the Great Wall of China at Jinshanling
Delegates of Inner Mongolia People's Congress shouting slogans
Bashang Meadows in Fengning County
Inner Mongolian steppes
Downtown Shijiazhuang.
Topography of Inner Mongolia in China
A building in downtown Zhangjiakou.
Winter in Ulanbutan Grassland, Hexigten Banner
The Lingxiao Pagoda of Zhengding, Hebei Province, built in AD 1045 during the Song dynasty
Theater in Hohhot
Hejian-styled donkey burger
Inner Mongolia Gymnasium
A Ding ware bowl
Muslim-themed Street in Hohhot
The Xumi Pagoda of Zhengding, Hebei province, built in 636 AD during the Tang dynasty
A KFC in Hohhot, the capital, with a bilingual street sign in Chinese and Mongolian
View of the Chengde Mountain Resort
Inner Mongolian carpet c. 1870
Temple of the White Sulde of Genghis Khan in the town of Uxin in Inner Mongolia, in the Mu Us Desert. The worship of Genghis is shared by Chinese and Mongolian folk religion.
Sign of the Jiuquan Satellite Launch Center
Jade dragon of the Hongshan culture (4700 BC – 2900 BC) found in Ongniud, Chifeng
Ulaanbutan grassland
Inner Mongolian grassland
Honorary tomb of Wang Zhaojun (born c. 50BC) in Hohhot
Fresco from the Liao dynasty (907–1125) tomb at Baoshan, Ar Horqin
Khitan people cooking. Fresco from the Liao dynasty (907–1125) tomb at Aohan
Remains of the city Khara-Khoto built in 1032. Located in Ejin Khoshuu, Alxa Aimag
Maidari Juu temple fortress ({{zh|labels=no |c=美岱召 |p=měidài zhào}}) built by Altan Khan in 1575 near Baotou
Newly built arch in front of the Maidari Juu temple fortress (1575)
Da Zhao temple (also called Ikh Zuu) built by Altan Khan in 1579
Badekar Monastery (1749) near Baotou, Inner Mongolia. Called Badgar Zuu in Mongolian
Five Pagoda temple (1727) in Hohhot
Badain Jaran temple (1868) in western Inner Mongolia
Genghis Khan Mausoleum (1954)
Genghis Khan Mausoleum (1954)
Alshaa mountain scenery
Alxa Western Monastery (Alshaa Baruun Hiid) built in 1756

Hebei borders the provinces of Shanxi to the west, Henan to the south, Shandong to the southeast and Liaoning to the northeast, as well as the Inner Mongolia Autonomous Region to the north.

- Hebei

During the Warring States period, King Wuling (340–295 BC) of the state of Zhao based in what is now Hebei and Shanxi Provinces pursued an expansionist policy towards the region.

- Inner Mongolia

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Khitan people

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Area corresponding to parts of modern Mongolia, Northeast China and the Russian Far East.

Area corresponding to parts of modern Mongolia, Northeast China and the Russian Far East.

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Khitan Chinese painting by Chen Juzhong (fl. 1195-1224)
Liao dynasty tomb relief of Khitans and their baggage cart
Liao dynasty in 1025
Khitan falconers in a painting by Chen Juzhong, early 13th c.
Khitan women, painted on wood
The Liao dynasty in 1111 AD.
The Qara Khitai empire in 1169 at its greatest extent
Khitan inscription dated 1058 (清寧四年) found in Dornogovi. Written in Khitan large script.
The Pagoda of Fogong Temple, built in 1056.
Yelü Bei
Horsemen
Horsemen at rest
Khitans holding wrapped up banners, maces, and drums
Khitan mace man
Halahaicheng tomb mural
Halahaicheng tomb mural
Halahaicheng tomb mural
Cooks
Hairstyle
Hunters
Boys and girls
Women
Women
Woman
Liao dynasty funerary mask and crown
Liao funerary mask and crown
Liao funerary mask and crown
Liao funerary mask and crown
Ming dynasty depiction of a Khitan

The man came from the Tu River (Lao Ha river in modern-day Jilin, Manchuria) and the woman from the Huang River (modern day Xar Moron river in Inner Mongolia).

The Tang Empress, in what scholars consider a major strategic error, formed an ill-fated alliance with the Turkic leader Qapaghan Qaghan to punish the Khitan for raiding Hebei province.

Yellow River

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Second-longest river in China, after the Yangtze River, and the sixth-longest river system in the world at the estimated length of 5464 km. Originating in the Bayan Har Mountains in Qinghai province of Western China, it flows through nine provinces, and it empties into the Bohai Sea near the city of Dongying in Shandong province.

Second-longest river in China, after the Yangtze River, and the sixth-longest river system in the world at the estimated length of 5464 km. Originating in the Bayan Har Mountains in Qinghai province of Western China, it flows through nine provinces, and it empties into the Bohai Sea near the city of Dongying in Shandong province.

The Yellow River Breaches its Course by Ma Yuan (1160–1225, Song dynasty)
The Yellow River as depicted in a Qing dynasty illustrated map (sections)
Historical courses of the Yellow River
Historical courses of the Yellow River
Chinese Nationalist Army soldiers during the 1938 Yellow River flood.
Zoigê County, Sichuan.
Guide County, Qinghai in the Tibetan Plateau, upstream from the Loess Plateau.
Near Xunhua, Qinghai.
Liujiaxia, Gansu.
At Lanzhou, Gansu
At Shapotou, Ningxia
Qiankun bend in Yonghe County
At Luoyang, Henan
The mouth of the Daxia River (coming from bottom right), flowing into the Yellow River's Liujiaxia Reservoir in Linxia Prefecture, Gansu
Expansion of the Yellow River Delta from 1989 to 2009 in five-year intervals.
Yellow River Delta
Liujiaxia Dam, Gansu
Sanmenxia Dam, Henan
Major cities along the Yellow River
Pontoon bridge (Luokou Pontoon Bridge ) over the Yellow River in Jinan, Shandong
The paradise fish is well known in the aquarium hobby and it originates from East Asian river basins, including the Yellow River
The Chinese pond turtle (shown) and Chinese softshell turtle are both native to the Yellow River, but also farmed in large numbers
Qikou town along Yellow River in Shanxi Province

One of its older Mongolian names was the "Black River", because the river runs clear before it enters the Loess Plateau, but the current name of the river among Inner Mongolians is Ȟatan Gol (, "Queen River").

These accounts show that after the river passed Luoyang, it flowed along the border between Shanxi and Henan Provinces, then continued along the border between Hebei and Shandong before emptying into Bohai Bay near present-day Tianjin.

The Ming dynasty Great Wall at Jinshanling

Great Wall of China

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Series of fortifications that were built across the historical northern borders of ancient Chinese states and Imperial China as protection against various nomadic groups from the Eurasian Steppe.

Series of fortifications that were built across the historical northern borders of ancient Chinese states and Imperial China as protection against various nomadic groups from the Eurasian Steppe.

The Ming dynasty Great Wall at Jinshanling
The Ming dynasty Great Wall at Jinshanling
Huayi tu, a 1136 map of China with the Great Wall depicted on the northern edge of the country
The Great Wall of the Qin stretches from Lintao to Liaodong
The Great Wall of the Han is the longest of all walls, from Mamitu near Yumenguan to Liaodong
The extent of the Ming Empire and its walls
Part of the Great Wall of China (April 1853, X, p. 41)
The Great Wall in 1907
A more rural portion of the Great Wall that stretches through the mountains, here seen in slight disrepair
Identical satellite images of a section of the Great Wall in northern Shanxi, running diagonally from lower left to upper right and not to be confused with the more prominent river running from upper left to lower right. In the image on the right, the Great Wall has been outlined in red. The region pictured is 12 x.
Great Wall of Han dynasty near Yumenguan.
Ming dynasty Great Wall at Jinshanling
thumb|Remains of Beacon tower near Yumenguan, 2011
"The First Mound" – at Jiayu Pass, the western terminus of the Ming wall
The Great Wall near Jiayu Pass
Ming Great Wall remnant near Yinchuan
The Great Wall remnant at Yulin
The Great Wall at Badaling
The Juyongguan area of the Great Wall accepts numerous tourists each day
Gateway of Gubeikou Fortress
Environmental protection sign near Great Wall, 2011
Ming Great Wall at Simatai, overlooking the gorge
Mutianyu Great Wall. This is atop the wall on a section that has not been restored
The Old Dragon Head, the Great Wall where it meets the sea in the vicinity of Shanhai Pass
The Great Wall at dawn
Inside the watchtower
Badaling Great Wall during winter

Dynasties founded by non-Han ethnic groups also built their border walls: the Xianbei-ruled Northern Wei, the Khitan-ruled Liao, Jurchen-led Jin and the Tangut-established Western Xia, who ruled vast territories over Northern China throughout centuries, all constructed defensive walls but those were located much to the north of the other Great Walls as we know it, within China's autonomous region of Inner Mongolia and in modern-day Mongolia itself.

About half of the sites are located in Inner Mongolia (31%) and Hebei (19%).

Map showing the Mongol autonomous subjects in the Greater China Area

Mongols in China

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Mongols in China or Mongolian Chinese are ethnic Mongols who were integrated into the nation-building of the Republic of China (1912–1949) after the fall of Qing Empire (1636–1911).

Mongols in China or Mongolian Chinese are ethnic Mongols who were integrated into the nation-building of the Republic of China (1912–1949) after the fall of Qing Empire (1636–1911).

Map showing the Mongol autonomous subjects in the Greater China Area
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Photo by Yvette Borup Andrews in 1920
An ethnic Mongol Chinese musician performing Inner Mongolian style morin khuur

Most of them live in Inner Mongolia, Northeast China, Xinjiang and Qinghai.

2.92%: Hebei Province

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Zhangjiakou

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Expansion of Han dynasty. Wei Qing's campaigns against Xiongnu is shown in red arrows.
Battle of Yehuling of 1211, the decisive battle between Mongols and Jin dynasty, leading to the ultimate conquest of northern China.
Tumu Crisis
Zhangjiakoubu is the origin of today's Zhangjiakou City
View of Zhangjiakou (Kalgan) in 1698
Two trains passing the Qinglongqiao Station on the Beijing-Zhangjiakou Railway
Dajingmen, a gate of Great Wall built around 1644
Map including Zhangjiakou (labeled as CHANG-CHIA-K'OU (KALGAN) 張家口) (AMS, 1963)
Rongchen Century Building in downtown Zhangjiakou
Location of the 2022 Winter Olympics clusters

Zhangjiakou (Mandarin pronunciation: ) also known as Kalgan and by several other names, is a prefecture-level city in northwestern Hebei province in Northern China, bordering Beijing to the southeast, Inner Mongolia to the north and west, and Shanxi to the southwest.

Rehe Province

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Former Chinese special administrative region and province.

Former Chinese special administrative region and province.

In 1955, the administration of the People's Republic of China divided the area between Hebei province, Liaoning Province, Tianjin Municipality, and the Inner Mongolia Autonomous Region.

The Qianlong Emperor (r. 1735−1796) touring Chengde.

Chengde

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The Qianlong Emperor (r. 1735−1796) touring Chengde.
View of Chengde from the Mountain Resort.
Map including Chengde (labeled as 承德 Ch'eng-te (Jehol)) (AMS, 1958)
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The Putuo Zongcheng Temple complex, completed in 1771 during the reign of the Qianlong Emperor.
Mountain Resort.
Double towers mountain in Chengde city.
Xumi Fushou Temple
Jinshanling is a section of the Great Wall of China located in the mountainous area in Luanping County, Chengde.
Mùlán imperial hunting ground in Weichang County, northern Chengde.
Mùlán imperial hunting ground.

Chengde, formerly known as Jehol and Rehe, is a prefecture-level city in Hebei province, situated about 225 km northeast of Beijing.

It borders Inner Mongolia, Liaoning, Beijing, and Tianjin.

Zhao (state)

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One of the seven major states during the Warring States period of ancient China.

One of the seven major states during the Warring States period of ancient China.

Ruins of the city of Dai, Zhao's last capital
Massive tombs of the Kings of Zhao near Handan

Its territory included areas now in modern Inner Mongolia, Hebei, Shanxi and Shaanxi provinces.

Map of China's prefectural level divisions

Administrative divisions of China

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The administrative divisions of China have consisted of several levels since ancient times, due to China's large population and geographical area.

The administrative divisions of China have consisted of several levels since ancient times, due to China's large population and geographical area.

Map of China's prefectural level divisions
Map of China's county-level divisions
The Qing dynasty in 1820, with provinces in yellow, military governorates and protectorates in light yellow, tributary states in orange

The Constitution of China provides for five levels: the provincial (province, autonomous region, municipality, and special administrative region), the prefectural (prefecture-level city [officially "city with district-level divisions" (设区的市) and "city without district-level divisions" (不设区的市)], autonomous prefecture, prefecture [additional division] and league [the alternative name of “prefecture” which is used in Inner Mongolia]), county (district, county, county-level city [officially “city without district-level divisions”], autonomous county, banner [the alternative name of “county” which is used in Inner Mongolia], autonomous banner [the alternative name of “autonomous county” which is used in Inner Mongolia], special district [additional division], forestry area [additional division]) and township.

Prefecture-level city, for example, Shijiazhuang, capital of Hebei Province

Jin Chinese

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The main dialect areas of Jin in China.

Jin is a proposed group of varieties of Chinese spoken by roughly 63 million people in northern China, including most of Shanxi province, much of central Inner Mongolia, and adjoining areas in Hebei, Henan, and Shaanxi provinces.