Hebrew Bible and Related Topics

Biblical Hebrew

Archaic form of the Hebrew language, a language in the Canaanite branch of Semitic languages spoken by the Israelites in the area known as the Land of Israel, roughly west of the Jordan River and east of the Mediterranean Sea.

Coin issued during the Bar Kokhba revolt. The Paleo-Hebrew text reads שמעון "Simeon" on the front and לחרות ירושלם "for the freedom of Jerusalem" on the back.

Biblical Hebrew as recorded in the Hebrew Bible reflects various stages of the Hebrew language in its consonantal skeleton, as well as a vocalization system which was added in the Middle Ages by the Masoretes.

The Gospel according to John – a text showing chapter and verse divisions (King James Version)

Chapters and verses of the Bible

The chapter and verse divisions did not appear in the original texts; they form part of the paratext of the Bible.

"...they shall beat their swords into plowshares, and their spears into pruning hooks: Nation shall not lift up sword against nation, neither shall they learn war any more." ~ Isaiah 2:4 KJV (Bible verse across the street from the United Nations Building in New York City)

Isaiah chapter 40, verse 8 in Hebrew, Greek, Latin and German, with the verse analysed word-by-word. In English, this verse is translated "The grass withers and the flowers fall, but the word of our God endures forever." (from Elias Hutter, 1602)

Some chapter divisions also occur in different places, e.g. Hebrew Bibles have 1 Chronicles 5:27–41 where Christian translations have 1 Chronicles 6:1–15

Septuagint

Beginning of the Letter of Aristeas to Philocrates (Biblioteca Apostolica Vaticana, 11th century)

The inter-relationship between significant ancient Old Testament manuscripts (some identified by their siglum). LXX denotes the original Septuagint.

The Greek Old Testament, or Septuagint (, ; from the septuaginta; often abbreviated 70; in Roman numerals, LXX), is the earliest extant Greek translation of books from the Hebrew Bible.

Biblical Aramaic

Biblical Aramaic is the form of Aramaic that is used in the books of Daniel and Ezra in the Hebrew Bible.

Torah

One common formulation of the documentary hypothesis

The supplementary hypothesis, one potential successor to the documentary hypothesis

Presentation of The Torah, by Édouard Moyse, 1860, Museum of Jewish Art and History

Torahs in Ashkenazi Synagogue (Istanbul, Turkey)

Page pointers, or yad, for reading of the Torah

The Torah ( Tōrā, "Instruction", "Teaching" or "Law") is the compilation of the first five books of the Hebrew Bible, namely the books of Genesis, Exodus, Leviticus, Numbers and Deuteronomy.

Rabbinic literature

Entire spectrum of rabbinic writings throughout Jewish history.

The terms meforshim and parshanim (commentaries/commentators) almost always refer to later, post-Talmudic writers of rabbinic glosses on Biblical and Talmudic texts.

Complete set of scrolls, constituting the Tanakh

Nevi'im

Nevi'im (נְבִיאִים Nəḇīʾīm, "Prophets", literally "spokespersons") is the second major division of the Hebrew Bible (the Tanakh), between the Torah (instruction) and Ketuvim (writings).

An Eastern Christian icon depicting Emperor Constantine and the Fathers of the First Council of Nicaea (325) as holding the Niceno–Constantinopolitan Creed of 381.

Christianity

Abrahamic monotheistic religion based on the life and teachings of Jesus of Nazareth.

Crucifixion, representing the death of Jesus on the Cross, painting by Diego Velázquez, c. 1632.

The Law and the Gospel by Lucas Cranach the Elder (1529); Moses and Elijah point the sinner to Jesus for salvation.

The Trinity is the belief that God is one God in three persons: the Father, the Son (Jesus), and the Holy Spirit.

Midnight Mass at a Catholic parish church in Woodside, New York City, U.S.

Show on the life of Jesus at Igreja da Cidade in São José dos Campos, affiliated to the Brazilian Baptist Convention.

An early circular ichthys symbol, created by combining the Greek letters ΙΧΘΥΣ into a wheel, Ephesus, Asia Minor.

The Bible is the sacred book in Christianity.

St. Peter's Basilica, Vatican City, the largest church in the world and a symbol of the Catholic Church.

The 7th-century Khor Virap monastery in the shadow of Mount Ararat; Armenia was the first state to adopt Christianity as the state religion, in AD 301.

The Monastery of St. Matthew, located atop Mount Alfaf in northern Iraq, is recognized as one of the oldest Christian monasteries in existence.

Kadisha Valley, Lebanon, home to some of the earliest Christian monasteries in the world.

Christendom by A.D. 600 after its spread to Africa and Europe from the Middle East.

An example of Byzantine pictorial art, the Deësis mosaic at the Hagia Sophia in Constantinople.

Pope Urban II at the Council of Clermont, where he preached the First Crusade. Illustration by Jean Colombe from a copy of the Passages d'outremer, c. 1490.

Martin Luther initiated the Reformation with his Ninety-five Theses in 1517.

Michelangelo's 1498–99 Pietà in St. Peter's Basilica; the Catholic Church was among the patronages of the Renaissance.

A depiction of Madonna and Child in a 19th-century Kakure Kirishitan Japanese woodcut.

A Christian procession in Brazil, the country with the largest Catholic population in the world.

Trinity Sunday in Russia; the Russian Orthodox Church has experienced a great revival since the fall of communism.

The global distribution of Christians: Countries colored a darker shade have a higher proportion of Christians.

Pope Francis, the current leader of the Catholic Church.

St. George's Cathedral in Istanbul: It has been the seat of the Ecumenical Patriarchate of Constantinople whose leader is regarded as the primus inter pares in the Eastern Orthodox Church.

Holy Trinity Cathedral in Addis Ababa, the seat of the Ethiopian Orthodox.

A 6th-century Nestorian church, St. John the Arab, in the Assyrian village of Geramon in Hakkari, southeastern Turkey.

Saint Mary Church; an ancient Assyrian church located in the city of Urmia, Iran.

A 19th-century drawing of Joseph Smith and Oliver Cowdery receiving the Aaronic priesthood from John the Baptist. Latter Day Saints believe that the Priesthood ceased to exist after the death of the apostles and therefore needed to be restored.

Unitarian Church of Transylvania in Cluj-Napoca.

A copy of the Summa Theologica by Thomas Aquinas, a famous Christian apologetic work.

Christians fleeing their homes in the Ottoman Empire, circa 1922. Many Christians were persecuted and/or killed during the Armenian genocide, Greek genocide, and Assyrian genocide.

Countries with 50% or more Christians are colored purple; countries with 10% to 50% Christians are colored pink

Nations with Christianity as their state religion are in blue

Links between interdenominational movements and other developments within Protestantism

Historical chart of the main Protestant branches

Its adherents, known as Christians, make up a majority of the population in 157 countries and territories, and believe that Jesus is the Son of God, whose coming as the messiah was prophesied in the Hebrew Bible (called the Old Testament in Christianity) and chronicled in the New Testament.