Hemolymph
haemolymphcirculatory systemheamolymph
Hemolymph, or haemolymph, is a fluid, analogous to the blood in vertebrates, that circulates in the interior of the arthropod body remaining in direct contact with the animal's tissues.wikipedia


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Blood
human bloodhematologicaloxygen consumption
Hemolymph, or haemolymph, is a fluid, analogous to the blood in vertebrates, that circulates in the interior of the arthropod body remaining in direct contact with the animal's tissues.
Insects and some mollusks use a fluid called hemolymph instead of blood, the difference being that hemolymph is not contained in a closed circulatory system.









Hemocyanin
haemocyaninImmunocyaniniron-based red blood
It contains hemocyanin, a copper-based protein that turns blue when oxygenated, instead of the iron-based hemoglobin in red blood cells found in vertebrates, giving hemolymph a blue-green color rather than the red color of vertebrate blood.
Unlike the hemoglobin in red blood cells found in vertebrates, hemocyanins are not bound to blood cells but are instead suspended directly in the hemolymph.





Arachnid
Arachnidaarachnidsarachnoid
It is the major tissue type of the open circulatory system characteristic of arthropods (e.g. arachnids, crustaceans and insects).
Spiders and whipscorpions extend their limbs hydraulically using the pressure of their hemolymph.






Grasshopper
grasshoppersshort-horned grasshopperCaelifera
In the grasshopper, the closed portion of the system consists of tubular hearts and an aorta running along the dorsal side of the insect.
Like other insects, grasshoppers have an open circulatory system and their body cavities are filled with haemolymph.









Hemocyte (invertebrate immune system cell)
hemocyteshaemocyteshemocyte
It is composed of a fluid plasma in which hemolymph cells called hemocytes are suspended.
It is found within the hemolymph.
Respiratory system of insects
respiratory systemInsect respirationrespirate
The hemolymph of lower arthropods, including most insects, is not used for oxygen transport because these animals respirate through other means, such as tracheas, but it does contain nutrients such as proteins and sugars.
The respiratory system of insects (and many other arthropods) is separate from the circulatory system.


Insect
Insectainsectsbugs
It is the major tissue type of the open circulatory system characteristic of arthropods (e.g. arachnids, crustaceans and insects). The hemolymph of lower arthropods, including most insects, is not used for oxygen transport because these animals respirate through other means, such as tracheas, but it does contain nutrients such as proteins and sugars.
The dorsal blood vessel circulates the hemolymph, arthropods' fluid analog of blood, from the rear of the body cavity forward.









Circulatory system
cardiovascularcirculationcardiovascular system
It is the major tissue type of the open circulatory system characteristic of arthropods (e.g. arachnids, crustaceans and insects).
In arthropods, the open circulatory system is a system in which a fluid in a cavity called the hemocoel bathes the organs directly with oxygen and nutrients and there is no distinction between blood and interstitial fluid; this combined fluid is called hemolymph or haemolymph.








Beetle
Coleopterabeetleschafer
Such nucleating agents have been found in the hemolymph of insects of several orders, i.e., Coleoptera (beetles), Diptera (flies), and Hymenoptera.
Like other insects, beetles have open circulatory systems, based on hemolymph rather than blood.









Animal locomotion
locomotionlocomotor activitylocomotor
Muscular movements by the animal during locomotion can facilitate hemolymph movement, but diverting flow from one area to another is limited.
Spiders and whipscorpions extend their limbs hydraulically using the pressure of their hemolymph.









Arthropod
ArthropodaarthropodsEuarthropoda
It is the major tissue type of the open circulatory system characteristic of arthropods (e.g. arachnids, crustaceans and insects).
Arthropods' primary internal cavity is a haemocoel, which accommodates their internal organs, and through which their haemolymph – analogue of blood – circulates; they have open circulatory systems.









Leptanilla
Queens of the ant genus Leptanilla are fed with hemolymph produced by the larvae.
Like other genera in this subfamily, the queen is fed by the hemolymph of their own larvae, which have specialized processes for this purpose.
Heart
cardiachuman heartapex of the heart
When the heart relaxes, blood is drawn back toward the heart through open-ended pores called ostia.
Instead of blood the circulatory fluid is haemolymph which carries the most commonly used respiratory pigment, copper-based haemocyanin as the oxygen transporter; iron-based haemoglobin is used by only a few arthropods.









Insect physiology
corpora cardiacainsect flight muscleneural ganglions
Since oxygen is delivered directly, the circulatory system is not used to carry oxygen, and is therefore greatly reduced; it has no closed vessels (i.e., no veins or arteries), consisting of little more than a single, perforated dorsal tube which pulses peristaltically, and in doing so helps circulate the hemolymph inside the body cavity.
Pemphigus spyrothecae
On the other hand, Pemphigus spyrothecae utilize hemolymph as an adhesive, allowing the species to stick to predators and subsequently attack the predator; it was found that with larger predators, more aphids were stuck after the predator was defeated.
While attacking a predator, haemolymph oozed out and caused the aphids to stick to predator.


Vertebrate
Vertebratavertebratesvertebral
Hemolymph, or haemolymph, is a fluid, analogous to the blood in vertebrates, that circulates in the interior of the arthropod body remaining in direct contact with the animal's tissues.







Mollusca
molluskmolluscmolluscs
In addition, some non-arthropods such as molluscs possess a hemolymphatic circulatory system.









Copper
CuCu 2+ cupric
It contains hemocyanin, a copper-based protein that turns blue when oxygenated, instead of the iron-based hemoglobin in red blood cells found in vertebrates, giving hemolymph a blue-green color rather than the red color of vertebrate blood.









Iron
FeFe 2+ Fe(III)
It contains hemocyanin, a copper-based protein that turns blue when oxygenated, instead of the iron-based hemoglobin in red blood cells found in vertebrates, giving hemolymph a blue-green color rather than the red color of vertebrate blood.









Hemoglobin
haemoglobinoxyhemoglobindeoxyhemoglobin
It contains hemocyanin, a copper-based protein that turns blue when oxygenated, instead of the iron-based hemoglobin in red blood cells found in vertebrates, giving hemolymph a blue-green color rather than the red color of vertebrate blood.







Red blood cell
red blood cellserythrocyteserythroid
It contains hemocyanin, a copper-based protein that turns blue when oxygenated, instead of the iron-based hemoglobin in red blood cells found in vertebrates, giving hemolymph a blue-green color rather than the red color of vertebrate blood.









Ostium
ostiaostial
Note that the term "ostia" is not specific to insect circulation; it literally means "doors" or "openings", and must be understood in context.
Fly
Dipterafliestrue flies
Such nucleating agents have been found in the hemolymph of insects of several orders, i.e., Coleoptera (beetles), Diptera (flies), and Hymenoptera.









Hymenoptera
hymenopteranhymenopteransbees and wasps
Such nucleating agents have been found in the hemolymph of insects of several orders, i.e., Coleoptera (beetles), Diptera (flies), and Hymenoptera.



