A report on History

Herodotus (c. 484 BC–c. 425 BC), often considered the "father of history" in the Western world
History by Frederick Dielman (1896)
The title page to The Historians' History of the World
The title page to La Historia d'Italia
Benedetto Croce
Ban Zhao, courtesy name Huiban, was the first known female Chinese historian.
History books in a bookstore

Study and the documentation of the past.

- History
Herodotus (c. 484 BC–c. 425 BC), often considered the "father of history" in the Western world

54 related topics with Alpha

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Allegory on writing history by Jacob de Wit (1754). An almost naked Truth keeps an eye on the writer of history. Pallas Athena (Wisdom) on left gives advice.

Historiography

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Allegory on writing history by Jacob de Wit (1754). An almost naked Truth keeps an eye on the writer of history. Pallas Athena (Wisdom) on left gives advice.
Reproduction of part of a tenth-century copy of Thucydides's History of the Peloponnesian War
Bust of Thucydides, Hellenistic copy of a 4th-century BC work
The Roman bust of historian Cato the Elder
First page of the Shiji
A page of Bede's Ecclesiastical History of the English People
Autograph writing of Ibn Khaldun, pioneer of historiography, cultural history, and the philosophy of history
Laguna copperplate inscription
Voltaire's works of history are an excellent example of Enlightenment era advances in accuracy.
Edward Gibbon's Decline of the Roman Empire (1776) was a masterpiece of late 18th-century history writing.
Japanese print depicting Thomas Carlyle's horror at the burning of his manuscript The French Revolution: A History
Jules Michelet (1798–1874), later in his career
Hippolyte Taine (1828–1893)
Ranke established history as a professional academic discipline in Germany.
Macaulay was the most influential exponent of the Whig history
The 20th century saw the creation of a huge variety of historiographical approaches; one was Marc Bloch's focus on social history rather than traditional political history.

Historiography is the study of the methods of historians in developing history as an academic discipline, and by extension is any body of historical work on a particular subject.

Georg Wilhelm Friedrich Hegel, philosopher of absolute idealism who developed a dialectic conception of history

Philosophy of history

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Georg Wilhelm Friedrich Hegel, philosopher of absolute idealism who developed a dialectic conception of history
Thomas Carlyle, Scottish essayist, historian and philosopher of the great man theory
Karl Marx, founder of Marxism and historical materialism

Philosophy of history is the philosophical study of history and its discipline.

Early censuses and surveys provided demographic data.

Social science

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One of the branches of science, devoted to the study of societies and the relationships among individuals within those societies.

One of the branches of science, devoted to the study of societies and the relationships among individuals within those societies.

Early censuses and surveys provided demographic data.
Buyers bargain for good prices while sellers put forth their best front in Chichicastenango Market, Guatemala.
A depiction of world's oldest university, the University of Bologna, in Italy
Map of the Earth
A trial at a criminal court, the Old Bailey in London
Ferdinand de Saussure, recognized as the father of modern linguistics
Aristotle asserted that man is a political animal in his Politics.
Wilhelm Maximilian Wundt was the founder of experimental psychology.
Émile Durkheim is considered one of the founding fathers of sociology.

History

Florence, the birthplace of the European Renaissance. The architectural perspective, and modern systems and fields of banking and accounting were introduced during the Renaissance.

Renaissance

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Period in European history marking the transition from the Middle Ages to modernity and covering the 15th and 16th centuries, characterized by an effort to revive and surpass ideas and achievements of classical antiquity.

Period in European history marking the transition from the Middle Ages to modernity and covering the 15th and 16th centuries, characterized by an effort to revive and surpass ideas and achievements of classical antiquity.

Florence, the birthplace of the European Renaissance. The architectural perspective, and modern systems and fields of banking and accounting were introduced during the Renaissance.
Portrait of a Young Woman (c. 1480–85) (Simonetta Vespucci) by Sandro Botticelli
View of Florence, birthplace of the Renaissance
Coluccio Salutati
A political map of the Italian Peninsula circa 1494
Pieter Bruegel's The Triumph of Death (c. 1562) reflects the social upheaval and terror that followed the plague that devastated medieval Europe.
Lorenzo de' Medici, ruler of Florence and patron of arts (Portrait by Vasari)
Pico della Mirandola, writer of the famous Oration on the Dignity of Man, which has been called the "Manifesto of the Renaissance".
Leonardo da Vinci's Vitruvian Man (c. 1490) demonstrates the effect writers of Antiquity had on Renaissance thinkers. Based on the specifications in Vitruvius' De architectura (1st century BC), Leonardo tried to draw the perfectly proportioned man. (Museum Gallerie dell'Accademia, Venice)
Anonymous portrait of Nicolaus Copernicus (c. 1580)
Portrait of Luca Pacioli, father of accounting, painted by Jacopo de' Barbari, 1495, (Museo di Capodimonte).
The world map by Pietro Coppo, Venice, 1520
Alexander VI, a Borgia Pope infamous for his corruption
Adoration of the Magi and Solomon adored by the Queen of Sheba from the Farnese Hours (1546) by Giulio Clovio marks the end of the Italian Renaissance of illuminated manuscript together with the Index Librorum Prohibitorum.
Leonardo Bruni
"What a piece of work is a man, how noble in reason, how infinite in faculties, in form and moving how express and admirable, in action how like an angel, in apprehension how like a god!" – from William Shakespeare's Hamlet.
Château de Chambord (1519–1547), one of the most famous examples of Renaissance architecture
Portrait of Emperor Maximilian I, by Albrecht Dürer, 1519
Erasmus of Rotterdam in 1523, as depicted by Hans Holbein the Younger
São Pedro Papa, 1530–1535, by Grão Vasco Fernandes. A pinnacle piece from when the Portuguese Renaissance had considerable external influence.
The Palace of Facets on the Cathedral Square of the Moscow Kremlin
Theotokos and The Child, the late-17th-century Russian icon by Karp Zolotaryov, with notably realistic depiction of faces and clothing.
The Royal Monastery of San Lorenzo del Escorial, by Juan de Herrera and Juan Bautista de Toledo
A cover of the Lives of the Artists by Giorgio Vasari
Painting of the St. Bartholomew's Day Massacre, an event in the French Wars of Religion, by François Dubois

Humanist education was based on the programme of Studia Humanitatis, the study of five humanities: poetry, grammar, history, moral philosophy, and rhetoric.

The philosopher Plato – Roman copy of a work by Silanion for the Academia in Athens (c. undefined 370 BC)

Humanities

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Humanities are academic disciplines that study aspects of human society and culture.

Humanities are academic disciplines that study aspects of human society and culture.

The philosopher Plato – Roman copy of a work by Silanion for the Academia in Athens (c. undefined 370 BC)
Bust of Homer, the most famous Greek poet
A trial at a criminal court, the Old Bailey in London
Shakespeare wrote some of the most acclaimed works in English literature.
The works of Søren Kierkegaard overlap into many fields of the humanities, such as philosophy, literature, theology, music, and classical studies.
Concert in the Mozarteum, Salzburg
Quatrain on Heavenly Mountain by Emperor Gaozong (1107–1187) of Song Dynasty; fan mounted as album leaf on silk, four columns in cursive script.
Mona Lisa, by Leonardo da Vinci, is one of the most recognizable artistic paintings in the world.

The humanities include the study of ancient and modern languages, literature, philosophy, history, archaeology, anthropology, human geography, law, religion, and art.

Chronicles of Flanders. Manuscript manufactured in Flanders, 2nd half of the 15th century. Manuscript preserved in the University Library of Ghent.

Chronicle

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Historical account of events arranged in chronological order, as in a time line.

Historical account of events arranged in chronological order, as in a time line.

Chronicles of Flanders. Manuscript manufactured in Flanders, 2nd half of the 15th century. Manuscript preserved in the University Library of Ghent.

This is in contrast to a narrative or history, in which an author chooses events to interpret and analyze and excludes those the author does not consider important or relevant.

A diagram of the Big Bang expansion according to NASA

Big History

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A diagram of the Big Bang expansion according to NASA
Notable events from the Big Bang to the present day depicted in a spiral layout. Every billion years (Ga) is represented in 90 degrees of rotation.
Conventional history often begins with the development of agriculture in civilizations such as Ancient Egypt.
Artist's depiction of the WMAP satellite gathering data to help scientists understand the Big Bang
Radiocarbon dating helps scientists understand the age of rocks as well as the Earth and the Solar System.
In a supernova, a star which has exhausted most of its energy bursts in an incredible explosion, creating conditions for heavier elements such as iron and gold to form.
The Earth is ideally located in a Goldilocks condition—being neither too close nor too distant from the Sun.
Big Historians use information based on scientific techniques such as gene mapping to learn more about the origins of humanity.
ChronoZoom is a free open source project that helps readers visualize time at all scales from the Big Bang 13.8 billion years ago to the present.
Alexander von Humboldt in 1843
Astronomer Carl Sagan
The famous 1968 Earthrise photo, taken by astronaut William Anders, may have stimulated, among other things, an interest in interdisciplinary studies.
Big History is taught at the University of Southern Maine.
Philanthropist Bill Gates is a major advocate of encouraging instruction in Big History.
Founding members of the International Big History Association gathered at Coldigioco, Italy in 2010

Big History is an academic discipline which examines history from the Big Bang to the present.

Two archaeologists analyzing artifacts of Strawberry Valley unincorporated community and Forest City ghost town

Archaeology

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Scientific study of human activity through the recovery and analysis of material culture.

Scientific study of human activity through the recovery and analysis of material culture.

Two archaeologists analyzing artifacts of Strawberry Valley unincorporated community and Forest City ghost town
Archaeologists excavating in Rome
An early photograph of Stonehenge taken July 1877
Artifacts discovered at the 1808 Bush Barrow excavation by Sir Richard Colt Hoare and William Cunnington.
Archaeological excavation of a Stone Age settlement at Glamilders in Långbergsöda village, Saltvik, Åland, in 1906.
Mortimer Wheeler pioneered systematic excavation in the early 20th century. Pictured, are his excavations at Maiden Castle, Dorset, in October 1937.
Cast of the skull of the Taung child, uncovered in South Africa. The Child was an infant of the Australopithecus africanus species, an early form of hominin
Monte Albán archaeological site
Inverted kite aerial photo of an excavation of a Roman building at Nesley near Tetbury in Gloucestershire.
Excavations at the 3800-year-old Edgewater Park Site, Iowa
Archaeological excavation that discovered prehistoric caves in Vill (Innsbruck), Austria
An archaeologist sifting for POW remains on Wake Island.
Five of the seven known fossil teeth of Homo luzonensis found in Callao Cave, the Philippines.
Karl von Habsburg, on a Blue Shield International fact-finding mission in Libya
Extensive excavations at Beit She'an, Israel
Permanent exhibition in a German multi-storey car park, explaining the archaeological discoveries made during the construction of this building
Excavations at the site of Gran Dolina, in the Atapuerca Mountains, Spain, 2008
A looter's pit on the morning following its excavation, taken at Rontoy, Huaura Valley, Peru in June 2007. Several small holes left by looters' prospecting probes can be seen, as well as their footprints.

Archaeologists study human prehistory and history, from the development of the first stone tools at Lomekwi in East Africa 3.3 million years ago up until recent decades.

This wall painting found in the Roman city of Pompeii is an example of a primary source about people in Pompeii in Roman times. (Portrait of Terentius Neo)

Primary source

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This wall painting found in the Roman city of Pompeii is an example of a primary source about people in Pompeii in Roman times. (Portrait of Terentius Neo)
From a letter of Philip II, King of Spain, 16th century

In the study of history as an academic discipline, a primary source (also called an original source) is an artifact, document, diary, manuscript, autobiography, recording, or any other source of information that was created at the time under study.

A sculpted bust depicting Thucydides ( 460- 400 BC) dubbed the "father of scientific history" (a copy of a copy of 4th Century BCE Greek work)

Historical method

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A sculpted bust depicting Thucydides ( 460- 400 BC) dubbed the "father of scientific history" (a copy of a copy of 4th Century BCE Greek work)

The term historical method refers to the collection of techniques and guidelines that historians use to research and write histories of the past.