A report on Hundred Days' Reform and Self-Strengthening Movement
China embarked on an effort to modernize, the Self-Strengthening Movement, following its defeat in the First (1839–1842) and Second (1856–1860) Opium Wars.
- Hundred Days' ReformAlbert Feuerwerker argues that this shift ultimately was connected to the reform proposals of the 1890s, i.e. the Hundred Days Reform, and thence the New Policies.
- Self-Strengthening Movement2 related topics with Alpha
Qing dynasty
1 linksManchu-led conquest dynasty and the last imperial dynasty of China.
Manchu-led conquest dynasty and the last imperial dynasty of China.
The Tongzhi Restoration of the 1860s brought vigorous reforms and the introduction of foreign military technology in the Self-Strengthening Movement.
The ambitious Hundred Days' Reform of 1898 proposed fundamental change, but the Empress Dowager Cixi (1835–1908), who had been the dominant voice in the national government for more than three decades, turned it back in a coup.
Empress Dowager Cixi
1 linksChinese noblewoman, concubine and later regent who effectively controlled the Chinese government in the late Qing dynasty for 47 years, from 1861 until her death in 1908.
Chinese noblewoman, concubine and later regent who effectively controlled the Chinese government in the late Qing dynasty for 47 years, from 1861 until her death in 1908.
Although Cixi refused to adopt Western models of government, she supported technological and military reforms and the Self-Strengthening Movement.
She supported the principles of the Hundred Days' Reforms of 1898, but feared that sudden implementation, without bureaucratic support, would be disruptive and that the Japanese and other foreign powers would take advantage of any weakness.