Hunger (motivational state)
hungersatietycontrol of food intakedesire for fooddiminished hungerEarly satietyhunger pangshungrymunchiessatiated
Hunger and satiety are sensations.wikipedia
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Appetite
appetite lossappetitiveappetitive behavior
Appetite is another sensation experienced with eating; it is the desire to eat food.
Appetite is the desire to eat food, sometimes due to hunger.
Leptin
leptin resistanceLEPlectin
Leptin, a hormone produced by adipose tissue, acts as hunger suppressant.
Leptin (from Greek λεπτός leptos, "thin") is a hormone predominantly made by adipose cells and enterocytes in the small intestine that helps to regulate energy balance by inhibiting hunger, which in turn diminishes fat storage in adipocytes.



Sense
sensesfive sensessensory
Hunger and satiety are sensations.







Neuropeptide Y
NPYneuropeptide Y (NPY)neuropeptide-y
CCK is key in suppressing hunger because of its role in inhibiting neuropeptide Y. Dopamine acts primarily through the reward centers of the brain, whereas serotonin primarily acts through effects on neuropeptide Y (NPY)/agouti-related peptide (AgRP) [stimulate appetite] and proopiomelanocortin (POMC) [induce satiety] neurons located in the arcuate nucleus.
Subtypes Y1 and Y5 have known roles in the stimulation of feeding while Y2 and Y4 seem to have roles in appetite inhibition (satiety).
Cholecystokinin
CCKpancreozymincholecystokinin (CCK)
The hormones insulin and cholecystokinin (CCK) are released from the GI tract during food absorption and act to suppress feeling of hunger.
It participates in a number of processes such as digestion, satiety and anxiety.
Hypothalamus
hypothalamicanterior hypothalamushypothalamic hormones
The arcuate nucleus of the hypothalamus, a part of the brain, is the main regulatory organ for the human appetite.
The hypothalamus controls body temperature, hunger, important aspects of parenting and attachment behaviours, thirst, fatigue, sleep, and circadian rhythms.









Eating
ediblefeedingeat
Hunger represents the physiological need to eat food.
Physiologically, eating is generally triggered by hunger, but there are numerous physical and psychological conditions that can affect appetite and disrupt normal eating patterns.








Proopiomelanocortin
pro-opiomelanocortinPOMCPOMC neurons
Dopamine acts primarily through the reward centers of the brain, whereas serotonin primarily acts through effects on neuropeptide Y (NPY)/agouti-related peptide (AgRP) [stimulate appetite] and proopiomelanocortin (POMC) [induce satiety] neurons located in the arcuate nucleus.
Hypoglycemia
low blood sugarhypoglycaemiahypoglycemic

Stomach rumble
borborygmiborborygmusbowel sounds

Food
foodsfoodstufffood products
Hunger represents the physiological need to eat food.









Hunger
hungrysatietyEnd hunger
Hunger is also the most commonly used term in social science and policy discussions to describe the condition of people who suffer from a chronic lack of sufficient food and constantly or frequently experience the sensation of hunger, and can lead to malnutrition.







Malnutrition
malnourishednutritional deficienciesmalnourishment
Hunger is also the most commonly used term in social science and policy discussions to describe the condition of people who suffer from a chronic lack of sufficient food and constantly or frequently experience the sensation of hunger, and can lead to malnutrition.









Stomach
gastriccardiafundus
When hunger contractions start to occur in the stomach, they are informally referred to as hunger pangs.








Emotion
emotionsemotionalemotional state
Emotional states (anger, joy etc.) may inhibit hunger contractions.






Diabetes
diabetes mellitusdiabeticdiabetics
Levels of hunger are increased by lower blood sugar levels, and are higher in controlled diabetics.





Muscle tone
tonemuscle tensionmuscle tonus
Hunger contractions are most intense in young, healthy people who have high degrees of gastrointestinal tonus.
Gastrointestinal tract
intestinegastrointestinaldigestive tract
Hunger contractions are most intense in young, healthy people who have high degrees of gastrointestinal tonus. Later studies showed that appetite regulation is an immensely complex process involving the gastrointestinal tract, many hormones, and both the central and autonomic nervous systems.

Insulin
insulin geneINShuman insulin
The hormones insulin and cholecystokinin (CCK) are released from the GI tract during food absorption and act to suppress feeling of hunger.









Glucagon
serum glucagon
Glucagon and epinephrine levels rise during fasting and stimulate hunger.


Adrenaline
epinephrineadrenaline junkieadrenalin
Glucagon and epinephrine levels rise during fasting and stimulate hunger.
Ghrelin
cholinergic–dopaminergic reward linkGHRLghrelin, the "hunger hormone
Ghrelin, a hormone produced by the stomach, is a hunger stimulant.

Adipose tissue
adiposebody fatfat
Leptin, a hormone produced by adipose tissue, acts as hunger suppressant.








Hormone
hormoneshormonalprohormone
Later studies showed that appetite regulation is an immensely complex process involving the gastrointestinal tract, many hormones, and both the central and autonomic nervous systems.

Central nervous system
CNScentralcentral nervous system (CNS)
Later studies showed that appetite regulation is an immensely complex process involving the gastrointestinal tract, many hormones, and both the central and autonomic nervous systems.







