A report on Hydrazine

Fluconazole, synthesized using hydrazine, is an antifungal medication.
Anhydrous (pure, not in solution) hydrazine being loaded into the MESSENGER space probe. The technician is wearing a safety suit.

Inorganic compound with the chemical formula N2H4.

- Hydrazine
Fluconazole, synthesized using hydrazine, is an antifungal medication.

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The hypergolic fuel hydrazine being loaded onto the MESSENGER space probe. The attendant is wearing a full hazmat suit due to the hazardous material.

Hypergolic propellant

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One whose components spontaneously ignite when they come into contact with each other.

One whose components spontaneously ignite when they come into contact with each other.

The hypergolic fuel hydrazine being loaded onto the MESSENGER space probe. The attendant is wearing a full hazmat suit due to the hazardous material.
An early hypergolic-propellant rocket engine, the Walter 109-509A of 1942–45.
Hypergolic propellant tanks of the Orbital Maneuvering System of Space Shuttle Endeavour

In contemporary usage, the terms "hypergol" and "hypergolic propellant" usually mean the most common such propellant combination, dinitrogen tetroxide plus hydrazine and/or its relatives monomethylhydrazine (MMH) and unsymmetrical dimethylhydrazine (UDMH).

Structure of the hydrazone functional group

Hydrazone

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Hydrazones are a class of organic compounds with the structure =.

Hydrazones are a class of organic compounds with the structure =.

Structure of the hydrazone functional group
Benzophenone hydrazone, an illustrative hydrazone
Carbonyl cyanide m-chlorophenyl hydrazone
Gyromitrin (Acetaldehyde methylformylhydrazone), a toxin
Dihydralazine, an antihypertensive drug
X-ray structure of DNP-derived hydrazone of benzophenone. Selected parameters: C=N, 128 pm; N-N, 138 pm, N-N-C(Ar), 119 pm<ref>{{cite journal |doi=10.1107/S1600536806048112|title=Benzophenone 2,4-dinitrophenylhydrazone|year=2006|last1=Tameem|first1=Abdassalam Abdelhafiz|last2=Salhin|first2=Abdussalam|last3=Saad|first3=Bahruddin|last4=Rahman|first4=Ismail Ab.|last5=Saleh|first5=Muhammad Idiris|last6=Ng|first6=Shea-Lin|last7=Fun|first7=Hoong-Kun|journal=Acta Crystallographica Section E|volume=62|issue=12|pages=o5686–o5688}}</ref>

They are formed usually by the action of hydrazine on ketones or aldehydes.

Monomethylhydrazine

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Monomethylhydrazine (mono-methyl hydrazine, MMH) is a highly toxic, volatile hydrazine derivative with the chemical formula CH3(NH)NH2.

Ball-and-stick model of the diamminesilver(I) cation, [Ag(NH3)2]+

Ammonia

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Compound of nitrogen and hydrogen with the formula NH3.

Compound of nitrogen and hydrogen with the formula NH3.

Ball-and-stick model of the diamminesilver(I) cation, [Ag(NH3)2]+
Ball-and-stick model of the tetraamminediaquacopper(II) cation, [Cu(NH3)4(H2O)2](2+)
Jabir ibn Hayyan
This high-pressure reactor was built in 1921 by BASF in Ludwigshafen and was re-erected on the premises of the University of Karlsruhe in Germany.
A train carrying Anhydrous Ammonia.
Liquid ammonia bottle
Household ammonia
Ammoniacal Gas Engine Streetcar in New Orleans drawn by Alfred Waud in 1871.
The X-15 aircraft used ammonia as one component fuel of its rocket engine
Anti-meth sign on tank of anhydrous ammonia, Otley, Iowa. Anhydrous ammonia is a common farm fertilizer that is also a critical ingredient in making methamphetamine. In 2005, Iowa used grant money to give out thousands of locks to prevent criminals from getting into the tanks.
The world's longest ammonia pipeline (roughly 2400 km long), running from the TogliattiAzot plant in Russia to Odessa in Ukraine
Hydrochloric acid sample releasing HCl fumes, which are reacting with ammonia fumes to produce a white smoke of ammonium chloride.
Production trend of ammonia between 1947 and 2007
Main symptoms of hyperammonemia (ammonia reaching toxic concentrations).
Ammonia occurs in the atmospheres of the outer giant planets such as Jupiter (0.026% ammonia), Saturn (0.012% ammonia), and in the atmospheres and ices of Uranus and Neptune.

Hydrazine, in the Olin Raschig process and the peroxide process

Monopropellant

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Monopropellants are propellants consisting of chemicals that release energy through exothermic chemical decomposition.

Monopropellants are propellants consisting of chemicals that release energy through exothermic chemical decomposition.

The most common use of monopropellants is in low-impulse monopropellant rocket motors, such as reaction control thrusters, the usual propellant being hydrazine which is generally decomposed by exposure to an iridium catalyst bed (the hydrazine is pre-heated to keep the reactant liquid).

Daniel Rutherford, discoverer of nitrogen

Nitrogen

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Chemical element with the symbol N and atomic number 7.

Chemical element with the symbol N and atomic number 7.

Daniel Rutherford, discoverer of nitrogen
The shapes of the five orbitals occupied in nitrogen. The two colours show the phase or sign of the wave function in each region. From left to right: 1s, 2s (cutaway to show internal structure), 2px, 2py, 2pz.
Table of nuclides (Segrè chart) from carbon to fluorine (including nitrogen). Orange indicates proton emission (nuclides outside the proton drip line); pink for positron emission (inverse beta decay); black for stable nuclides; blue for electron emission (beta decay); and violet for neutron emission (nuclides outside the neutron drip line). Proton number increases going up the vertical axis and neutron number going to the right on the horizontal axis.
Molecular orbital diagram of dinitrogen molecule, N2. There are five bonding orbitals and two antibonding orbitals (marked with an asterisk; orbitals involving the inner 1s electrons not shown), giving a total bond order of three.
Solid nitrogen on the plains of Sputnik Planitia on Pluto next to water ice mountains
Structure of [Ru(NH3)5(N2)]2+ (pentaamine(dinitrogen)ruthenium(II)), the first dinitrogen complex to be discovered
Mesomeric structures of borazine, (–BH–NH–)3
Standard reduction potentials for nitrogen-containing species. Top diagram shows potentials at pH 0; bottom diagram shows potentials at pH 14.
Nitrogen trichloride
Nitrogen dioxide at −196 °C, 0 °C, 23 °C, 35 °C, and 50 °C. converts to colourless dinitrogen tetroxide at low temperatures, and reverts to at higher temperatures.
Fuming nitric acid contaminated with yellow nitrogen dioxide
Schematic representation of the flow of nitrogen compounds through a land environment
A container vehicle carrying liquid nitrogen.

Antoine Lavoisier suggested instead the name azote, from the "no life", as it is an asphyxiant gas; this name is used in several languages, including French, Italian, Russian, Romanian, Portuguese and Turkish, and appears in the English names of some nitrogen compounds such as hydrazine, azides and azo compounds.

Aerozine 50

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Aerozine 50 is a 50:50 mix by weight of hydrazine and unsymmetrical dimethylhydrazine (UDMH), originally developed in the late 1950s by Aerojet General Corporation as a storable, high-energy, hypergolic fuel for the Titan II ICBM rocket engines.

Dawn (spacecraft)

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Retired space probe that was launched by NASA in September 2007 with the mission of studying two of the three known protoplanets of the asteroid belt: Vesta and Ceres.

Retired space probe that was launched by NASA in September 2007 with the mission of studying two of the three known protoplanets of the asteroid belt: Vesta and Ceres.

SERT-1: first ion engine NASA spacecraft; launched on July 20, 1964.
Scale comparison of Vesta, Ceres, and the Moon
Dawn image of Ceres from 13,600 km, May 4, 2015
Animation of Dawn trajectory from September 27, 2007 to October 5, 2018 ····
Dawn approximate flight trajectory
Framing camera view of the Ceres bright spots
Dawn prior to encapsulation at its launch pad on July 1, 2007
Dawn launching on a Delta II rocket from Cape Canaveral Air Force Station Space Launch Complex 17 on September 27, 2007
Greyscale NIR image of Mars (northwest Tempe Terra), taken by Dawn during its 2009 flyby
Animation of Dawn trajectory around 4 Vesta from July 15, 2011 to September 10, 2012 ·
Animation of Dawn trajectory around Ceres from February 1, 2015 to February 1, 2025 ·
High-resolution view of Ceres taken during its Low-Altitude Mapping Orbit
June 14, 2011
June 24, 2011
July 1, 2011
July 9, 2011
July 17, 2011
July 18, 2011
July 23, 2011
July 24, 2011
Central Mound at the South Pole on the asteroid Vesta on August 12, 2011
The snowman shaped craters on Vesta
Craters and ridges of Vesta
January 25, 2015
February 4, 2015
February 12, 2015
February 19, 2015
April 23, 2015
June 6, 2015
August 17, 2015
December 10, 2015
October 5, 2016
June 9, 2018
Map of Ceres feature names
Topographical map of Ceres

In 2017, NASA announced that the planned nine-year mission would be extended until the probe's hydrazine fuel supply was depleted.

Dinitrogen tetroxide

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Chemical compound N2O4.

Chemical compound N2O4.

Dinitrogen tetroxide is a powerful oxidizer that is hypergolic (spontaneously reacts) upon contact with various forms of hydrazine, which has made the pair a common bipropellant for rockets.

Hydrazines

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Hydrazines (R2N−NR2) are a class of chemical compounds with two nitrogen atoms linked via a covalent bond and which carry from one up to four alkyl or aryl substituents.

Hydrazines (R2N−NR2) are a class of chemical compounds with two nitrogen atoms linked via a covalent bond and which carry from one up to four alkyl or aryl substituents.

Hydrazines can be considered as derivatives of the inorganic hydrazine (H2N−NH2), in which one or more hydrogen atoms have been replaced by hydrocarbon groups.