A report on Hydropower, Hydroelectricity and Industrial Revolution

The Three Gorges Dam in China; the hydroelectric dam is the world's largest power station by installed capacity.
The Three Gorges Dam in Central China is the world's largest power–producing facility of any kind.
A Roberts loom in a weaving shed in 1835.
A water piston from the Nongshu by Wang Zhen (fl. 1290–1333)
Museum Hydroelectric power plant ″Under the Town″ in Serbia, built in 1900.
A Roberts loom in a weaving shed in 1835.
Saint Anthony Falls, United States; hydropower was used here to mill flour.
The Warwick Castle water-powered generator house, used for the generation of electricity for the castle from 1894 until 1940
Handloom weaving in 1747, from William Hogarth's Industry and Idleness
Directly water-powered ore mill, late nineteenth century
A micro-hydro facility in Vietnam
European colonial empires at the start of the Industrial Revolution, superimposed upon modern political boundaries.
Benoît Fourneyron, the French engineer who developed the first hydropower turbine
Pico hydroelectricity in Mondulkiri, Cambodia
A weaver in Nürnberg, c. 1524
A shishi-odoshi powered by falling water breaks the quietness of a Japanese garden with the sound of a bamboo rocker arm hitting a rock.
Measurement of the tailrace and forebay rates at the Limestone Generating Station in Manitoba, Canada.
A model of the spinning jenny in a museum in Wuppertal. Invented by James Hargreaves in 1764, the spinning jenny was one of the innovations that started the revolution.
A conventional dammed-hydro facility (hydroelectric dam) is the most common type of hydroelectric power generation.
The Ffestiniog Power Station can generate 360 MW of electricity within 60 seconds of the demand arising.
The only surviving example of a spinning mule built by the inventor Samuel Crompton. The mule produced high-quality thread with minimal labour. Bolton Museum, Greater Manchester
Chief Joseph Dam near Bridgeport, Washington, is a major run-of-the-river station without a sizeable reservoir.
Merowe Dam in Sudan. Hydroelectric power stations that use dams submerge large areas of land due to the requirement of a reservoir. These changes to land color or albedo, alongside certain projects that concurrently submerge rainforests, can in these specific cases result in the global warming impact, or equivalent life-cycle greenhouse gases of hydroelectricity projects, to potentially exceed that of coal power stations.
The interior of Marshall's Temple Works in Leeds, West Yorkshire
Micro hydro in Northwest Vietnam
The Hoover Dam in the United States is a large conventional dammed-hydro facility, with an installed capacity of 2,080 MW.
Lombe's Mill site today, rebuilt as Derby Silk Mill
The upper reservoir and dam of the Ffestiniog Pumped Storage Scheme in Wales. The lower power station can generate 360 MW of electricity.
World renewable energy share (2008)
The reverberatory furnace could produce cast iron using mined coal. The burning coal remained separate from the iron and so did not contaminate the iron with impurities like sulfur and silica. This opened the way to increased iron production.
Trends in the top five hydroelectricity-producing countries
The Iron Bridge, Shropshire, England, the world's first bridge constructed of iron opened in 1781.
Share of electricity production from hydropower, 2020
Horizontal (lower) and vertical (upper) cross-sections of a single puddling furnace. A. Fireplace grate; B. Firebricks; C. Cross binders; D. Fireplace; E. Work door; F. Hearth; G. Cast iron retaining plates; H. Bridge wall
A Watt steam engine. James Watt transformed the steam engine from a reciprocating motion that was used for pumping to a rotating motion suited to industrial applications. Watt and others significantly improved the efficiency of the steam engine.
Newcomen's steam-powered atmospheric engine was the first practical piston steam engine. Subsequent steam engines were to power the Industrial Revolution.
Maudslay's famous early screw-cutting lathes of circa 1797 and 1800
The Middletown milling machine of c. 1818, associated with Robert Johnson and Simeon North
The Thames Tunnel (opened 1843). Cement was used in the world's first underwater tunnel.
The Crystal Palace housed the Great Exhibition of 1851
The Bridgewater Canal, famous because of its commercial success, crossing the Manchester Ship Canal, one of the last canals to be built.
Construction of the first macadam road in the United States (1823). In the foreground, workers are breaking stones "so as not to exceed 6 ounces in weight or to pass a two-inch ring".
Painting depicting the opening of the Liverpool and Manchester Railway in 1830, the first inter-city railway in the world and which spawned Railway Mania due to its success.
Wedgwood tea and coffee service
Winchester High Street, 1853. The number of High Streets (the primary street for retail in Britain) in towns and cities rapidly grew in the 18th century.
The Black Country in England, west of Birmingham
Manchester, England ("Cottonopolis"), pictured in 1840, showing the mass of factory chimneys
A young "drawer" pulling a coal tub along a mine gallery. In Britain, laws passed in 1842 and 1844 improved mine working conditions.
Luddites smashing a power loom in 1812
Levels of air pollution rose during the Industrial Revolution, sparking the first modern environmental laws to be passed in the mid-19th century.
Slater's Mill in Pawtucket, Rhode Island.
Sächsische Maschinenfabrik in Chemnitz, Germany, 1868
Sir Henry Bessemer's Bessemer converter, the most important technique for making steel from the 1850s to the 1950s. Located in Sheffield (Steel City)
Regional GDP per capita changed very little for most of human history before the Industrial Revolution.
Interior of the London Coal Exchange, c. 1808. European 17th-century colonial expansion, international trade, and creation of financial markets produced a new legal and financial environment, one which supported and enabled 18th-century industrial growth.
As the Industrial Revolution developed British manufactured output surged ahead of other economies.
William Bell Scott Iron and Coal, 1855–60
William and Mary Presenting the Cap of Liberty to Europe, 1716, Sir James Thornhill. Enthroned in heaven with the Virtues behind them are the royals William III and Mary II who had taken the throne after the Glorious Revolution and signed the English Bill of Rights of 1689. William tramples on arbitrary power and hands the red cap of liberty to Europe where, unlike Britain, absolute monarchy stayed the normal form of power execution. Below William is the French king Louis XIV.
A Philosopher Lecturing on the Orrery by Joseph Wright of Derby (c. 1766). Informal philosophical societies spread scientific advances
A primitive lifestyle living outside the Industrial Revolution
A dog forced to eat trash due to pollution, the Industrial Revolution has forced animals into harsh environments most are unable to survive in, leading to starvation and eventual extinction

Hydroelectricity, or hydroelectric power, is electricity produced from hydropower.

- Hydroelectricity

This transition included going from hand production methods to machines, new chemical manufacturing and iron production processes, the increasing use of steam power and water power, the development of machine tools and the rise of the mechanized factory system.

- Industrial Revolution

Hydropower is now used principally for hydroelectric power generation, and is also applied as one half of an energy storage system known as pumped-storage hydroelectricity.

- Hydropower

In the late 18th century hydraulic power provided the energy source needed for the start of the Industrial Revolution.

- Hydroelectricity

The growing demand for the Industrial Revolution would drive development as well.

- Hydropower

The introduction of hydroelectric power generation in the Alps enabled the rapid industrialisation of coal-deprived northern Italy, beginning in the 1890s.

- Industrial Revolution
The Three Gorges Dam in China; the hydroelectric dam is the world's largest power station by installed capacity.

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