Hydrofoil and Related Topics

Alexander Graham Bell

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Scottish-born inventor, scientist and engineer who is credited with patenting the first practical telephone.

Melville House, the Bells' first home in North America, now a National Historic Site of Canada

Bell, top right, providing pedagogical instruction to teachers at the Boston School for Deaf Mutes, 1871. Throughout his life, he referred to himself as "a teacher of the deaf".

Alexander Graham Bell's telephone patent drawing, March 7, 1876

The master telephone patent, 174465, March 7, 1876

An actor playing Bell in a 1926 film holds Bell's first telephone transmitter

Bell at the opening of the long-distance line from New York to Chicago in 1892

Alexander Graham Bell, his wife Mabel Gardiner Hubbard, and their daughters Elsie (left) and Marian ca. 1885

The Brodhead–Bell mansion, the Bell family residence in Washington, D.C., from 1882 to 1889

Alexander Graham Bell in his later years

Photophone receiver, one half of Bell's wireless optical communication system, ca. 1880

Bell statue by A. E. Cleeve Horne in front of the Bell Telephone Building of Brantford, Ontario, The Telephone City. (Brantford Heritage Inventory, City of Brantford)

A quote by Alexander Graham Bell engraved in the stone wall within the Peace Chapel of the International Peace Garden (in Manitoba Canada and North Dakota, USA).

The Bell Museum, Cape Breton, part of the Alexander Graham Bell National Historic Site

Bell, an alumnus of the University of Edinburgh, Scotland, receiving an honorary Doctor of Laws degree (LL.D.) at the university in 1906

Many other inventions marked Bell's later life, including groundbreaking work in optical telecommunications, hydrofoils, and aeronautics.

"Casey" Baldwin at Ridley College, circa 1900

Frederick Walker Baldwin (January 2, 1882 – August 7, 1948), also known as Casey Baldwin, paternal grandson of Canadian reform leader Robert Baldwin, was a hydrofoil and aviation pioneer and partner of the famous inventor Alexander Graham Bell.

HD-4 hydrofoil at the Alexander Graham Bell museum

HD-4

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HD-4 or Hydrodome number 4 was an early research hydrofoil watercraft developed by the scientist Alexander Graham Bell.

Airfoil

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Cross-sectional shape of an object whose motion through a gas is capable of generating significant lift, such as a wing, a sail, or the blades of propeller, rotor, or turbine.

Streamlines around a NACA 0012 airfoil at moderate angle of attack

Lift and drag curves for a typical airfoil

Different definitions of airfoil thickness

An airfoil designed for winglets (PSU 90-125WL)

An airfoil section is displayed at the tip of this Denney Kitfox aircraft, built in 1991.

Airfoil of a Kamov Ka-26 helicopter's lower rotor blade

Foils of similar function designed with water as the working fluid are called hydrofoils.

Beinn Bhreagh

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Name of the former estate of Alexander Graham Bell, in Victoria County, Nova Scotia.

{{lang|gd|Beinn Bhreagh|italic=no}}'s little harbor offered the Bells opportunities for recreation, and later a shelter area for experiments in aviation and hydrofoils.

Alexander Graham Bell relaxing on {{lang|gd|Beinn Bhreagh|italic=no}} with three of his granddaughters.

Mabel and Alexander Graham Bell were depicted in a postcard walking in front of their home, {{lang|gd|Beinn Bhreagh|italic=no}} Hall.

Red Head Point and the peninsula of {{lang|gd|Beinn Bhreagh|italic=no}} can be seen across the bay from the town of Baddeck, Nova Scotia in a 1906 postcard.

The town of Baddeck can be seen from one of the lookouts on {{lang|gd|Beinn Bhreagh|italic=no}} in a postcard from the 1920s.

Bell constructed a laboratory and boatyard on this property, conducting experiments in powered flight and hydrofoil technology, among many other things.

Wing

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Type of fin that produces lift while moving through air or some other fluid.

A white stork flying by flapping its wings.

Condensation in the low pressure region over the wing of an Airbus A340, passing through humid air

Flaps (green) are used in various configurations to increase the wing area and to increase the lift. In conjunction with spoilers (red), flaps maximize drag and minimize lift during the landing roll.

The wing of a landing BMI Airbus A319-100. The slats at its leading edge and the flaps at its trailing edge are extended.

Winged tree seeds that cause autorotation in descent

A laughing gull, exhibiting the "gull wing" outline

Lifting structures used in water include various foils, such as hydrofoils.

The 1902 Wright Glider shows its lift by pulling up

Lift (force)

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Object exerts a force on it.

Lift is defined as the component of the aerodynamic force that is perpendicular to the flow direction, and drag is the component that is parallel to the flow direction.

A cross-section of a wing defines an airfoil shape.

When an airfoil generates lift, it deflects air downwards, and to do this it must exert a downward force on the air. Newton's third law requires that the air must exert an equal upward force on the airfoil.

An illustration of the incorrect equal transit-time explanation of airfoil lift.

Streamlines and streamtubes around an airfoil generating lift. Note the narrower streamtubes above and the wider streamtubes below.

An airfoil with camber compared to a symmetrical airfoil

Airflow separating from a wing at a high angle of attack

Flow around an airfoil: the dots move with the flow. The black dots are on time slices, which split into two – an upper and lower part – at the leading edge. A marked speed difference between the upper-and lower-surface streamlines is shown most clearly in the image animation, with the upper markers arriving at the trailing edge long before the lower ones. Colors of the dots indicate streamlines.

Pressure field around an airfoil. The lines are isobars of equal pressure along their length. The arrows show the pressure differential from high (red) to low (blue) and hence also the net force which causes the air to accelerate in that direction.

Comparison of a non-lifting flow pattern around an airfoil; and a lifting flow pattern consistent with the Kutta condition in which the flow leaves the trailing edge smoothly

Circulation component of the flow around an airfoil

Cross-section of an airplane wing-body combination showing the isobars of the three-dimensional lifting flow

Cross-section of an airplane wing-body combination showing velocity vectors of the three-dimensional lifting flow

Euler computation of a tip vortex rolling up from the trailed vorticity sheet

Planview of a wing showing the horseshoe vortex system

Control volumes of different shapes that have been used in analyzing the momentum balance in the 2D flow around a lifting airfoil. The airfoil is assumed to exert a downward force −L' per unit span on the air, and the proportions in which that force is manifested as momentum fluxes and pressure differences at the outer boundary are indicated for each different shape of control volume.

Illustration of the distribution of higher-than-ambient pressure on the ground under an airplane in subsonic flight

Lift is mostly associated with the wings of fixed-wing aircraft, although it is more widely generated by many other streamlined bodies such as propellers, kites, helicopter rotors, racing car wings, maritime sails, wind turbines, and by sailboat keels, ship's rudders, and hydrofoils in water.

Rostislav Alexeyev

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Monument of Rostislav Alexeyev in Nizhny Novgorod, Bugrovskoye cemetery

Rostislav Evgenievich Alexeyev (Ростисла́в Евге́ньевич Алексе́ев; December 18, 1916 – February 9, 1980) was a Russian Soviet Director & Chief of Design known for his pioneering work on hydrofoil ships and ground effect vehicles.