Hyperlink and Related Topics

World Wide Web

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Information system enabling documents and other web resources to be accessed over the Internet.

A global map of the Web Index for countries in 2014

This NeXT Computer was used by Sir Tim Berners-Lee at CERN and became the world's first Web server.

The World Wide Web functions as an application layer protocol that is run "on top of" (figuratively) the Internet, helping to make it more functional. The advent of the Mosaic web browser helped to make the web much more usable, to include the display of images and moving images (GIFs).

$Graphic representation of a minute fraction of the WWW, demonstrating hyperlinks$

A screenshot of a web page on Wikimedia Commons

Dynamic web page: example of server-side scripting (PHP and MySQL)

The inside and front of a Dell PowerEdge web server, a computer designed for rack mounting

Multiple web servers may be used for a high traffic website; here, Dell servers are installed together to be used for the Wikimedia Foundation.

The results of a search for the term "lunar eclipse" in a web-based image search engine

The HTML language also supports hyperlinks (embedded URLs) which provide immediate access to other web resources.

Documents that are connected by hyperlinks.

Hypertext

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Engineer Vannevar Bush wrote "As We May Think" in 1945 in which he described the Memex, a theoretical proto-hypertext device which in turn helped inspire the subsequent invention of hypertext.

Douglas Engelbart in 2009, at the 40th anniversary celebrations of "The Mother of All Demos" in San Francisco, a 90-minute 1968 presentation of the NLS computer system which was a combination of hardware and software that demonstrated many hypertext ideas.

Ted Nelson gives a presentation on Project Xanadu, a theoretical hypertext model conceived in the 1960s whose first and incomplete implementation was first published in 1998.

Hypertext Editing System (HES) IBM 2250 Display console – Brown University 1969

Hypertext is text displayed on a computer display or other electronic devices with references (hyperlinks) to other text that the reader can immediately access.

HTML

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Standard markup language for documents designed to be displayed in a web browser.

HTML provides a means to create structured documents by denoting structural semantics for text such as headings, paragraphs, lists, links, quotes and other items.

Traditional browser arrangement: UI features above page content

Web browser

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Application software for accessing the World Wide Web or a local website.

Nicola Pellow and Tim Berners-Lee in 1992

Marc Andreessen, lead developer of Mosaic and Navigator, in 2007

A search engine is a website that provides links to other websites.

The home page of a website displayed in a web browser

Web page

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Hypertext document on the World Wide Web.

A website consists of many web pages linked together under a common domain name.

Internet

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Global system of interconnected computer networks that uses the Internet protocol suite (TCP/IP) to communicate between networks and devices.

ICANN headquarters in the Playa Vista neighborhood of Los Angeles, California, United States.

2007 map showing submarine fiberoptic telecommunication cables around the world.

Packet routing across the Internet involves several tiers of Internet service providers.

Number of mobile cellular subscriptions 2012–2016

As user data is processed through the protocol stack, each abstraction layer adds encapsulation information at the sending host. Data is transmitted over the wire at the link level between hosts and routers. Encapsulation is removed by the receiving host. Intermediate relays update link encapsulation at each hop, and inspect the IP layer for routing purposes.

Conceptual data flow in a simple network topology of two hosts (A and B) connected by a link between their respective routers. The application on each host executes read and write operations as if the processes were directly connected to each other by some kind of data pipe. After the establishment of this pipe, most details of the communication are hidden from each process, as the underlying principles of communication are implemented in the lower protocol layers. In analogy, at the transport layer the communication appears as host-to-host, without knowledge of the application data structures and the connecting routers, while at the internetworking layer, individual network boundaries are traversed at each router.

A DNS resolver consults three name servers to resolve the domain name user-visible "www.wikipedia.org" to determine the IPV4 Address 207.142.131.234

Creating a subnet by dividing the host identifier

This NeXT Computer was used by Tim Berners-Lee at CERN and became the world's first Web server.

Share of population using the Internet. See or edit source data.

Internet users per 100 population members and GDP per capita for selected countries.

Internet users per 100 inhabitants Source: International Telecommunication Union.

Internet users in 2015 as a percentage of a country's population Source: International Telecommunication Union.

'''Fixed broadband Internet subscriptions in 2012
as a percentage of a country's population''' Source: International Telecommunication Union.

'''Mobile broadband Internet subscriptions in 2012
as a percentage of a country's population''' Source: International Telecommunication Union.

Banner in Bangkok during the 2014 Thai coup d'état, informing the Thai public that 'like' or 'share' activities on social media could result in imprisonment (observed 30 June 2014).

Internet users by language<ref name=NIUBL-IWS>{{cite web|url=http://www.internetworldstats.com/stats7.htm|title=Number of Internet Users by Language|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120426122721/http://www.internetworldstats.com/stats7.htm|archive-date=26 April 2012|website=Internet World Stats, Miniwatts Marketing Group|date=31 May 2011|access-date=22 April 2012}}</ref>

$Website content languages<ref name=UofCLBWApril2013>{{cite web|title=Usage of content languages for websites|url=http://w3techs.com/technologies/overview/content_language/all|work=W3Techs.com|access-date=26 April 2013|archive-url=https://www.webcitation.org/66ZQzUXh6?url=http://w3techs.com/technologies/overview/content_language/all|archive-date=31 March 2012|url-status=live}}</ref>$

However, the World Wide Web or the Web is only one of a large number of Internet services, a collection of documents (web pages) and other web resources, linked by hyperlinks and URLs.

Wiki

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Hypertext publication collaboratively edited and managed by its own audience directly using a web browser.

Wiki Wiki Shuttle at Honolulu International Airport

History comparison reports highlight the changes between two revisions of a page.

A single page in a wiki website is referred to as a "wiki page", while the entire collection of pages, which are usually well-interconnected by hyperlinks, is "the wiki".

Web crawler

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Internet bot that systematically browses the World Wide Web and that is typically operated by search engines for the purpose of Web indexing .

Evolution of Freshness and Age in a web crawler

Crawlers can validate hyperlinks and HTML code.

A web browser tooltip displayed for a hyperlink.

Point and click

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Point and click are the actions of a computer user moving a pointer to a certain location on a screen (pointing) and then pressing a button on a mouse, usually the left button (click), or other pointing device.

An example of point and click is in hypermedia, where users click on hyperlinks to navigate from document to document.

HTML element

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Type of HTML document component, one of several types of HTML nodes (there are also text nodes, comment nodes and others).

HTML document is composed of a tree of simple HTML nodes, such as text nodes, and HTML elements, which add semantics and formatting to parts of document (e.g., make text bold, organize it into paragraphs, lists and tables, or embed hyperlinks and images).

A report on Hyperlink

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