Imperial Japanese Army and Related Topics

Hiroo Onoda

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Hiroo Onoda (right) and his younger brother Shigeo Onoda (滋郎 1944)

Hiroo Onoda (right) offers his military sword to Philippine President Ferdinand Marcos (left) on the day of his surrender, 11 March 1974.

Hiroo Onoda was an Imperial Japanese Army intelligence officer who fought in World War II and was a Japanese holdout who did not surrender at the war's end in August 1945.

Russian 500-pound shell bursting near the Japanese siege guns, near Port Arthur

Siege of Port Arthur

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The longest and most violent land battle of the Russo-Japanese War.

Advances of the Japanese 3rd Army Blue line: July 30, Red: August 15, Yellow: August 20, Green: January 2

The siege of Port Arthur – Russian batteries against Togo (Angelo Agostini, O Malho, 1904)

Japanese 11-inch howitzers during the siege of Port Arthur

Port Arthur viewed from the summit of the 203 Meter Hill, November 2004

Japanese 11-inch howitzer firing; shell visible in flight

Pallada under fire as the Oil Depot burns

Nogi (Center left), Stoessel (Center right) and their staffs.

Wrecked ships of the Russian Pacific Fleet, which were later salvaged by the Japanese navy

The Surrender of Port Arthur (Angelo Agostini, O Malho, 1905).

2004 Russian stamp "100th anniversary of the heroic defence of Port Arthur" showing the military decoration, the Port Arthur Cross

The Japanese Army complained bitterly to the Navy about the ease with which the Russians were able to obtain naval fire support, and in response the Japanese Navy brought in a battery of 12-pounder guns, with a range sufficient to ensure that there would be no recurrence of a Russian naval sortie.

Convention of retrocession of the Liaodong Peninsula, 8 November 1895.

Triple Intervention

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Diplomatic intervention by Russia, Germany, and France on 23 April 1895 over the harsh terms of the Treaty of Shimonoseki imposed by Japan on the Qing dynasty of China that ended the First Sino-Japanese War.

The French actually had cordial relations with the Japanese: French military advisors had been sent to train the Imperial Japanese Army and a number of Japanese ships had been built in French shipyards.

The League of Nations assembly, held in Geneva, Switzerland, 1930

World War II

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Global war that lasted from 1939 to 1945.

Adolf Hitler at a German Nazi political rally in Nuremberg, August 1933

Benito Mussolini inspecting troops during the Italo-Ethiopian War, 1935

The bombing of Guernica in 1937, during the Spanish Civil War, sparked fears abroad in Europe that the next war would be based on bombing of cities with very high civilian casualties.

Japanese Imperial Army soldiers during the Battle of Shanghai, 1937

Red Army artillery unit during the Battle of Lake Khasan, 1938

Chamberlain, Daladier, Hitler, Mussolini, and Ciano pictured just before signing the Munich Agreement, 29 September 1938

German Foreign Minister Joachim von Ribbentrop (right) and the Soviet leader Joseph Stalin, after signing the Molotov–Ribbentrop Pact, 23 August 1939

Soldiers of the German Wehrmacht tearing down the border crossing into Poland, 1 September 1939

Soldiers of the Polish Army during the defence of Poland, September 1939

Finnish machine gun nest aimed at Soviet Red Army positions during the Winter War, February 1940

German advance into Belgium and Northern France, 10 May-4 June 1940, swept past the Maginot Line (shown in dark red)

London seen from St. Paul's Cathedral after the German Blitz, 29 December 1940

Soldiers of the British Commonwealth forces from the Australian Army's 9th Division during the Siege of Tobruk; North African Campaign, September 1941

German Panzer III of the Afrika Korps advancing across the North African desert, April-May 1941

European theatre of World War II animation map, 1939–1945 – Red: Western Allies and the Soviet Union after 1941; Green: Soviet Union before 1941; Blue: Axis powers

German soldiers during the invasion of the Soviet Union by the Axis powers, 1941

Soviet civilians leaving destroyed houses after a German bombardment during the Battle of Leningrad, 10 December 1942

Japanese soldiers entering Hong Kong, 8 December 1941

The USS Arizona (BB-39) was a total loss in the Japanese surprise air attack on the American Pacific Fleet at Pearl Harbor, Sunday 7 December 1941.

US President Franklin D. Roosevelt and British PM Winston Churchill seated at the Casablanca Conference, January 1943

Map of Japanese military advances through mid-1942

US Marines during the Guadalcanal Campaign, in the Pacific theatre, 1942

Red Army soldiers on the counterattack during the Battle of Stalingrad, February 1943

American 8th Air Force Boeing B-17 Flying Fortress bombing raid on the Focke-Wulf factory in Germany, 9 October 1943

U.S. Navy SBD-5 scout plane flying patrol over USS Washington (BB-56) and USS Lexington (CV-16) during the Gilbert and Marshall Islands campaign, 1943

Red Army troops in a counter-offensive on German positions at the Battle of Kursk, July 1943

Ruins of the Benedictine monastery, during the Battle of Monte Cassino, Italian Campaign, May 1944

American troops approaching Omaha Beach during the invasion of Normandy on D-Day, 6 June 1944

German SS soldiers from the Dirlewanger Brigade, tasked with suppressing the Warsaw Uprising against Nazi occupation, August 1944

General Douglas MacArthur returns to the Philippines during the Battle of Leyte, 20 October 1944

Yalta Conference held in February 1945, with Winston Churchill, Franklin D. Roosevelt and Joseph Stalin

Ruins of the Reichstag in Berlin, 3 June 1945.

Atomic bombing of Nagasaki on 9 August 1945.

Ruins of Warsaw in 1945, after the deliberate destruction of the city by the occupying German forces

Defendants at the Nuremberg trials, where the Allied forces prosecuted prominent members of the political, military, judicial and economic leadership of Nazi Germany for crimes against humanity

Post-war border changes in Central Europe and creation of the Communist Eastern Bloc

David Ben-Gurion proclaiming the Israeli Declaration of Independence at the Independence Hall, 14 May 1948

Bodies of Chinese civilians killed by the Imperial Japanese Army during the Nanking Massacre in December 1937

Schutzstaffel (SS) female camp guards removing prisoners' bodies from lorries and carrying them to a mass grave, inside the German Bergen-Belsen concentration camp, 1945

Prisoner identity photograph taken by the German SS of a Polish Catholic girl who died in Auschwitz. Approximately 230,000 children were held prisoner and used in forced labour and Nazi medical experiments.

Polish civilians wearing blindfolds photographed just before their execution by German soldiers in Palmiry forest, 1940

Soviet partisans hanged by the German army. The Russian Academy of Sciences reported in 1995 civilian victims in the Soviet Union at German hands totalled 13.7 million dead, twenty percent of the 68 million persons in the occupied Soviet Union.

B-29 Superfortress strategic bombers on the Boeing assembly line in Wichita, Kansas, 1944

A V-2 rocket launched from a fixed site in Peenemünde, 21 June 1943

Nuclear Gadget being raised to the top of the detonation "shot tower", at Alamogordo Bombing Range; Trinity nuclear test, New Mexico, July 1945

The Imperial Japanese Army used a variety of such weapons during its invasion and occupation of China (see Unit 731) and in early conflicts against the Soviets.

The eight nations with their naval ensigns, from top to bottom, left to right: Regia Marina, 🇺🇸 United States Navy, French National Navy,, , , Imperial Russian Navy and . Japanese print, 1900.

Eight-Nation Alliance

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Multinational military coalition that invaded northern China in 1900 with the stated aim of relieving the foreign legations in Beijing, then besieged by the popular Boxer militia, who were determined to remove foreign imperialism in China.

German and Japanese soldiers witnessing the street execution of a Chinese boxer.

Indian troops during the Boxer Rebellion.

German and Indian troops, Peking Legation Quarter, 1900.

German troops with captured Boxer flags.

French Colonial Infantry Marching through the French Concession, Tientsin

Postcard showing Waldersee inspecting Italian troops.

Japanese marines who served under the British commander Edward Hobart Seymour.

Russian troops during the Boxer Rebellion

American troops during the Boxer Rebellion.

Of the total number, 20,300 were Imperial Japanese Army troops of the 5th Infantry Division under Lieutenant General Yamaguchi Motoomi; the remainder were 540 naval rikusentai (Marines) from the Imperial Japanese Navy.

Hong Kong

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City and special administrative region of China on the eastern Pearl River Delta in South China.

Hong Kong in 1868, photograph by John Thomson

British Hong Kong flag from 1959 to 1997

Since 2012, the legislature has met in the Tamar Legislative Council Complex.

The Court of Final Appeal Building formerly housed the Supreme Court and the Legislative Council.

Areas of urban development and vegetation are visible in this satellite image.

Wong Tai Sin Temple is dedicated to the Taoist deity Wong Tai Sin

Hong Kong is one of the world's busiest container ports

A proportional representation of Hong Kong exports, 2019

Former trading floor of the Hong Kong Stock Exchange

Entrance to the Cross-Harbour Tunnel in Hung Hom, Kowloon

Statue of Bruce Lee on the Avenue of Stars, a tribute to the city's film industry

The Hong Kong Sevens, considered the premier tournament of the World Rugby Sevens Series, is played each spring.

Old campus of St. Paul's College, the first school established in the colonial era

TVB City, headquarters of Hong Kong's first over-the-air television station

The Imperial Japanese Army attacked Hong Kong on 8 December 1941, the same morning as its attack on Pearl Harbor.

American soldiers in Vladivostok parading before the building occupied by the staff of the Czechoslovaks.

American Expeditionary Force, Siberia

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Formation of the United States Army involved in the Russian Civil War in Vladivostok, Russia, after the October Revolution, from 1918 to 1920.

American soldiers from the 31st Infantry marching near Vladivostok Russia April 27, 1919

AEF Hospital Car Number 1 at Khabarovsk, Russia

At the time, Bolshevik forces in Siberia controlled only small pockets, and President Wilson wanted to make sure that neither Cossack marauders nor the Japanese military would take advantage of the unstable political environment along the strategic railroad line and in the resource-rich Siberian regions that straddled it.

Morotai

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Island in the Halmahera group of eastern Indonesia's Maluku Islands (Moluccas).

Imperial Japanese forces on Morotai held out until 1945 but failed to expel the Allied troops.

Prussian (and later German) Chancellor Otto von Bismarck, right, with General Helmuth von Moltke the Elder, left, and General Albrecht von Roon, centre. Although Bismarck was a civilian politician and not a military officer, he wore a military uniform as part of the Prussian militarist culture of the time. From a painting by Carl Steffeck

Militarism

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Belief or the desire of a government or a people that a state should maintain a strong military capability and to use it aggressively to expand national interests and/or values.

Otto von Bismarck, a civilian, wearing a cuirassier officer's metal Pickelhaube

Japanese march into Zhengyangmen of Beijing after capturing the city in July 1937

the Philippine Army in Malolos Bulacan ca.1899

Large nuclear weapons stockpile with global range (dark blue)

Military parade during Republic Day celebrations in Ankara

A pie chart showing global military expenditures by country for 2019, in US$ billions, according to SIPRI.

Members of the Venezuelan armed forces carrying Chávez eyes flags saying, "Chávez lives, the fight continues".

One was the "Military Ministers to be Active-Duty Officers Law", which required the Imperial Japanese Army (IJA) and Imperial Japanese Navy (IJN) to agree to the Ministry of Army position in the Cabinet.