A report on Indian religions, Jainism and Indus Valley civilisation

Major religious groups as a percentage of world population
The hand symbolizes Ahiṃsā, the wheel dharmachakra, the resolve to halt saṃsāra (transmigration).
Excavated ruins of Mohenjo-daro, Sindh province, Pakistan, showing the Great Bath in the foreground. Mohenjo-daro, on the right bank of the Indus River, is a UNESCO World Heritage Site, the first site in South Asia to be so declared.
"Priest King" of Indus Valley Civilisation
Classification of Saṃsāri Jīvas (transmigrating souls) in Jainism
Miniature votive images or toy models from Harappa, c. 2500 BCE. Terracotta figurines indicate the yoking of zebu oxen for pulling a cart and the presence of the chicken, a domesticated jungle fowl.
The so-called Pashupati seal, showing a seated and possibly ithyphallic figure, surrounded by animals.
Lord Neminatha, Akota Bronzes (7th century)
Major sites and extent of the Indus Valley civilisation
Hindu Swastika
Jain miniature painting of 24 tirthankaras, Jaipur, c. 1850
Alexander Cunningham, the first director general of the Archaeological Survey of India (ASI), interpreted a Harappan stamp seal in 1875.
Buddha statue at Darjeeling
Jain temple painting explaining Anekantavada with Blind men and an elephant
R. D. Banerji, an officer of the ASI, visited Mohenjo-daro in 1919–1920, and again in 1922–1923, postulating the site's far-off antiquity.
Buddhist Monks performing traditional Sand mandala made from coloured sand
A Jain monk in meditation, wearing the characteristic white robe and face covering
John Marshall, the director-general of the ASI from 1902 to 1928, who oversaw the excavations in Harappa and Mohenjo-daro, shown in a 1906 photograph
Saga Agastya, father of Tamil literature
Nishidhi stone, depicting the vow of sallekhana, 14th century, Karnataka
Early Harappan Period, c. 3300–2600 BCE
Typical layout of Dravidian architecture which evolved from koyil as king's residence.
Praying at the feet of a statue of Bahubali
Terracotta boat in the shape of a bull, and female figurines. Kot Diji period (c. 2800–2600 BC).
Krishna fighting the horse demon Keshi, 5th century, Gupta period.
Jain worship may include ritual offerings and recitals.
Mature Harappan Period, c. 2600–1900 BCE
A basalt statue of Lalita flanked by Gaṇeśa and Kārttikeya, Pala era.
Celebrating Das Lakshana (Paryushana), Jain Center of America, New York City
Skull of a Harappan, Indian Museum
The Golden Temple of Mahalakshmi at Vellore.
The birth of Mahavira, from the Kalpa Sūtra (c.1375–1400 CE)
Harappan weights found in the Indus Valley, (National Museum, New Delhi)
An aerial view of the Meenakshi Temple from the top of the southern gopuram, looking north. The temple was rebuilt by the Vijayanagar Empire.
Shikharji
Male dancing torso; 2400-1900 BC; limestone; height: 9.9 cm; National Museum (New Delhi)
Harmandir Sahib (The Golden Temple) is culturally the most significant place of worship for the Sikhs.
Idol of Suparśvanātha
red jasper male torso
Mahamagam Festival is a holy festival celebrated once in twelve years in Tamil Nadu. Mahamagam Festival, which is held at Kumbakonam. This festival is also called as Kumbamela of South.
A symbol to represent the Jain community was chosen in 1975 as part of the commemoration of the 2,500th anniversary of Mahavira’s nirvana.
Stamp seals and (right) impressions, some of them with Indus script; probably made of steatite; British Museum (London)
The largest religious gathering ever held on Earth, the 2001 Maha Kumbh Mela held in Prayag attracted around 70 million Hindus from around the world.
Rishabhdev, believed to have lived over 592.704×1018 years ago, is considered the traditional founder of Jainism.
human deity with the horns, hooves and tail of a bull
Map showing the prevalence of Abrahamic (pink) and Indian religions (yellow) in each country
The ruins of Gori Jain temples in Nagarparkar, Pakistan, a pilgrimage site before 1947.
Archaeological discoveries suggest that trade routes between Mesopotamia and the Indus were active during the 3rd millennium BCE, leading to the development of Indus–Mesopotamia relations.
A devotee facing the Ganga, reading a stack of holy books ("Chalisa" of various god) at the Kumbh Mela
Ranakpur Jain Temple
Boat with direction-finding birds to find land. Model of Mohenjo-daro tablet, 2500–1750 BCE.(National Museum, New Delhi). Flat-bottomed river row-boats appear in two Indus seals, but their seaworthiness is debatable.
A holy place for all religion - "Mazar of Pir Mubarak Gazi"
Dilwara Temples
Ten Indus characters from the northern gate of Dholavira, dubbed the Dholavira signboard
Symbols of Major Indian Religions
Parshvanath Temple in Khajuraho
The Pashupati seal, showing a seated figure surrounded by animals
Girnar Jain temples
Swastika seals of Indus Valley civilisation in British Museum
Jal Mandir, Pawapuri
Late Harappan Period, c. 1900–1300 BCE
Lodhurva Jain temple
Late Harappan figures from a hoard at Daimabad, 2000 BCE (Prince of Wales Museum, Bombay)
Palitana temples
Painted pottery urns from Harappa (Cemetery H culture, c. 1900–1300 BCE), National Museum, New Delhi
Saavira Kambada Basadi, Moodbidri, Karnataka
Impression of a cylinder seal of the Akkadian Empire, with label: "The Divine Sharkalisharri Prince of Akkad, Ibni-Sharrum the Scribe his servant". The long-horned buffalo is thought to have come from the Indus Valley, and testifies to exchanges with Meluhha, the Indus Valley civilisation. Circa 2217–2193 BCE. Louvre Museum.
Jain temple, Antwerp, Belgium
Ceremonial vessel; 2600-2450 BC; terracotta with black paint; 49.53 × 25.4 cm; Los Angeles County Museum of Art (US)
Brahma Jinalaya, Lakkundi
Cubical weights, standardised throughout the Indus cultural zone; 2600-1900 BC; chert; British Museum (London)
Hutheesing Jain Temple
Mohenjo-daro beads; 2600-1900 BC; carnelian and terracotta; British Museum
Ram-headed bird mounted on wheels, probably a toy; 2600-1900 BC; terracotta; Guimet Museum (Paris)
Reclining mouflon; 2600–1900 BC; marble; length: 28 cm; Metropolitan Museum of Art (New York City)
The Priest-King; 2400–1900 BC; low fired steatite; height: 17.5 cm; National Museum of Pakistan (Karachi)
The Dancing Girl; 2400–1900 BC; bronze; height: 10.8 cm; National Museum (New Delhi)
Seal; 3000–1500 BC; baked steatite; 2 × 2 cm; Metropolitan Museum of Art (New York City)
Stamp seal and modern impression: unicorn and incense burner (?); 2600-1900 BC; burnt steatite; 3.8 × 3.8 × 1 cm; Metropolitan Museum of Art
Seal with two-horned bull and inscription; 2010 BC; steatite; overall: 3.2 x 3.2 cm; Cleveland Museum of Art (Cleveland, Ohio, US)
Seal with unicorn and inscription; 2010 BC; steatite; overall: 3.5 x 3.6 cm; Cleveland Museum of Art

Jainism also known as Jain Dharma, is an ancient Indian religion.

- Jainism

These religions, which include Hinduism, Jainism, Buddhism, and Sikhism, are also classified as Eastern religions.

- Indian religions

The Harappan people of the Indus Valley civilisation, which lasted from 3300 to 1300 BCE (mature period 2600–1900 BCE), had an early urbanized culture which predates the Vedic religion.

- Indian religions

The religion and belief system of the Indus Valley people have received considerable attention, especially from the view of identifying precursors to deities and religious practices of Indian religions that later developed in the area.

- Indus Valley civilisation

Despite the criticisms of Marshall's association of the seal with a proto-Shiva icon, it has been interpreted as the Tirthankara Rishabhanatha by some scholars of Jainism like Vilas Sangave.

- Indus Valley civilisation

Some artifacts found in the Indus River Valley civilization have been suggested as a link to ancient Jain culture, but very little is known about the Indus Valley iconography and script.

- Jainism
Major religious groups as a percentage of world population

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A Balinese Hindu family after puja at Bratan temple in Bali, Indonesia

Hinduism

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A Balinese Hindu family after puja at Bratan temple in Bali, Indonesia
Om, a stylized letter of Devanagari script, used as a religious symbol in Hinduism
Swami Vivekananda was a key figure in introducing Vedanta and Yoga in Europe and the United States, raising interfaith awareness and making Hinduism a world religion.
Ganesha is one of the best-known and most worshipped deities in the Hindu pantheon.
The Hare Krishna group at the Esplanadi Park in Helsinki, Finland
The festival of lights, Diwali, is celebrated by Hindus all over the world.
Hindus in Ghana celebrating Ganesh Chaturti
Holi celebrated at the Sri Sri Radha Krishna Temple in Utah, United States.
Kedar Ghat, a bathing place for pilgrims on the Ganges at Varanasi
Priests performing Kalyanam (marriage) of the holy deities at Bhadrachalam Temple, in Telangana. It is one of the temples in India, where Kalyanam is done everyday throughout the year.
A statue of Shiva in yogic meditation.
Basic Hindu symbols: Shatkona, Padma, and Swastika.
Kauai Hindu monastery in Kauai Island in Hawaii is the only Hindu Monastery in the North American continent.
A sadhu in Madurai, India.
The Hindu Shore Temple at Mahabalipuram was built by Narasimhavarman II.
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Hinduism is variously defined as an Indian religion, a set of religious beliefs or practices, a religious tradition, a way of life, or dharma—a religious and universal order by which followers abide.

He includes among "founded religions" Buddhism, Jainism, Sikhism that are now distinct religions, syncretic movements such as Brahmo Samaj and the Theosophical Society, as well as various "Guru-isms" and new religious movements such as Maharishi Mahesh Yogi and ISKCON.

Hinduism's varied history overlaps or coincides with the development of religion in the Indian subcontinent since the Iron Age, with some of its traditions tracing back to prehistoric religions such as those of the Bronze Age Indus Valley civilisation.