Indonesia and Related Topics

Jakarta

Replica of the Padrão of Sunda Kalapa (1522), a stone pillar with a cross of the Order of Christ commemorating a treaty between the Portuguese Empire and the Hindu Sunda Kingdom, at Jakarta History Museum.

The 5th-century Tugu inscription discovered in Tugu district, North Jakarta

The City Hall of Batavia (Stadhuis van Batavia), the seat of the Governor-General of the VOC in the late 18th century by Johannes Rach c. 1770. The building now houses the Jakarta History Museum, Jakarta Old Town.

One of the most monumental projects launched by Sukarno was the demolition of government buildings in Merdeka Square to make way for the National Monument.

Facade of the Museum Bank Indonesia in Kota Tua

Wisma 46 in post-modernist architecture, the fourth tallest building in Jakarta

Bundaran HI, a 1960s landmark of Jakarta located at the west end of Menteng District.

Boat ride at Indonesian archipelago lake in Taman Mini Indonesia Indah

Chinese in Jakarta praying during Chinese New Year in Glodok, Jakarta

The Indonesian Stock Exchange (Bursa Efek Indonesia) building in Jakarta, one of the oldest in Asia.

Jakarta Old City Post Office at Fatahillah Square, Central Jakarta

Most visitors to Jakarta are domestic tourists, and Taman Mini Indonesia Indah is aimed at supporting national identity and patriotism.

The main TV tower of TVRI at its headquarters in Jakarta

Atma Jaya Catholic University of Indonesia campus at Semanggi

Tanjidor music of Betawi culture demonstrate European influence

Gado-gado is a popular Indonesian salad dish.

Football match at Gelora Bung Karno Stadium

Asian Games 2018 opening ceremony in Gelora Bung Karno Stadium, 2018

Map of the administrative cities (Kota administratif) in Jakarta province. The Thousand Islands Regency (to the north) is not shown. Each administrative city is further divided into districts (Kecamatan).

Batavia map of Meester Cornelis (now Jatinegara)

The Secretariat of ASEAN at Jl. Sisingamangaraja No.70A, South Jakarta, Indonesia

Al-Azhar Great Mosque, It was Jakarta's largest mosque when it was built until it was surpassed by the Istiqlal Mosque.

The Jakarta Cathedral, one of the oldest churches in Jakarta.

Kim Tek Ie, the oldest Taoist and Buddhist temple in Jakarta.

Aditya Jaya Hindu temple, Rawamangun, East Jakarta.

Ondel-Ondel, often used as a symbol of Betawi culture

Chinese paifang in Mangga Dua, Central Jakarta

The Golden Snail IMAX theatre at Taman Mini Indonesia Indah

Japanese community celebrating Ennichisai in Blok M, South Jakarta

Jakarta, officially the Special Capital Region of Jakarta (Daerah Khusus Ibukota Jakarta), is the capital and largest city of Indonesia.

Inauguration of President Joko Widodo at the DPR/MPR in 2014

People's Consultative Assembly

Legislative branch in Indonesia's political system.

The leadership of the Indonesian Provisional People's Consultative Assembly at the time of the 1967 Special Session

The building complex in Jakarta that includes the offices and meeting chamber of Indonesia's People's Consultative Assembly

Suharto reads his speech at the 1993 session of the People's Consultative Assembly.

Before 2004, and the amendments to the 1945 Constitution, the MPR was the highest governing body in Indonesia.

Sovereign states and states with limited recognition fully on islands (Australia is regarded a continent): those with land borders shaded green, and those without shaded dark blue

Island country

Island nation is a country whose primary territory consists of one or more islands or parts of islands.

Cuba is the largest island nation in the Caribbean Sea and in the Antilles

Japan is an archipelago in Asia that constitutes one of the richest and most populated nations on Earth

Island countries are typically small with low populations, although some, like Indonesia and Japan are notable exceptions.

Malaysia

Country in Southeast Asia.

"Malaysia" used as a label for the Malay Archipelago on a 1914 map from a United States atlas

The Malacca Sultanate played a major role in spreading Islam throughout the Malay Archipelago.

The Dutch fleet battling with the Portuguese armada as part of the Dutch–Portuguese War in 1606 to gain control of Malacca

Statue of Francis Light in the Fort Cornwallis of Penang, the first British colony in what was to become Malaysia

The Parliament of Malaysia, the building that houses the members of the Dewan Rakyat

The Perdana Putra houses the office of the Prime Minister.

Former Prime Minister Mahathir Mohamad meeting with US Secretary of State Mike Pompeo at the Prime Minister's Office in Putrajaya, 2018

Examples of the Malaysian Armed Forces weaponry assets. Clockwise from top right:, PT-91M MBT tank, Malaysian Army paratrooper with M4, and Su-30MKM fighter aircraft.

Malaysia is within the equatorial region, where a tropical rainforest climate is apparent all year round.

Mount Kinabalu, the highest summit in the country

Native species in Malaysia, clockwise from top-right: oriental pied hornbills, hawksbill sea turtle, proboscis monkey, Malayan tiger.

Some species of Rafflesia can grow up to 1 m in diameter, making them the largest flowers in the world.

Development of real GDP per capita, 1870 to 2018

A proportional representation of Malaysia exports, 2019

The Proton company is a Malaysian car manufacturer.

The percentage distribution of Malaysian population by ethnic group based on 2010 census

Population density (person per km2) in 2010

The percentage distribution of Malaysian population by religion based on 2010 census

A traditional house being built in Sabah

A craftsman making batik. Malaysian batik is usually patterned with floral motifs with light colouring.

Malaysia's largest Buddhist temple—Kek Lok Si in Penang—illuminated in preparation for the Lunar New Year

Traditional sports such as the martial art style Silat Melayu persist alongside modern sports.

Peninsular Malaysia shares a land and maritime border with Thailand and maritime borders with Singapore, Vietnam, and Indonesia.

Vietnam

Country in Southeast Asia.

The Grand Palais built for the 1902–1903 world's fair, when Hanoi was French Indochina's capital

Partition of French Indochina after the 1954 Geneva Conference

Three US Fairchild UC-123B aircraft spraying Agent Orange during the Operation Ranch Hand as part of a herbicidal warfare operation depriving the food and vegetation cover of the Việt Cộng, c. 1962–1971

Nature attractions in Vietnam, clockwise from top: Hạ Long Bay, Yến River and Bản-Giốc Waterfalls

Hoàng Liên Sơn mountain range, the range that includes Fansipan which is the highest summit on the Indochinese Peninsula.

Köppen climate classification map of Vietnam.

Nha Trang, a popular beach destination has a tropical savanna climate.

Native species in Vietnam, clockwise from top-right: crested argus, a peafowl, red-shanked douc, Indochinese leopard, saola.

Sa Pa mountain hills with agricultural activities

The National Assembly of Vietnam building in Hanoi

Examples of the Vietnam People's Armed Forces weaponry assets. Clockwise from top right: T-54B tank, Sukhoi Su-27UBK fighter aircraft, Vietnam Coast Guard Hamilton-class cutter, and Vietnam People's Army chemical corps with Type 56.

A Communist Party propaganda poster in Hanoi

Historical GDP per capita development of Vietnam

Vietnam's tallest skyscraper, the Landmark 81 located in Bình Thạnh, Ho Chi Minh City (Saigon).

A Vietnamese-made TOPIO 3.0 humanoid ping-pong-playing robot displayed during the 2009 International Robot Exhibition (IREX) in Tokyo.

Vietnamese science students working on an experiment in their university lab.

Hội An, a UNESCO World Heritage Site, is a major tourist destination.

HCMC–LT–DG section of the North–South Expressway.

Tan Son Nhat International Airport is the busiest airport in the country.

The port of Hai Phong is one of the largest and busiest container ports in Vietnam.

Sơn La Dam in northern Vietnam, the largest hydroelectric dam in Southeast Asia.

In rural areas of Vietnam, piped water systems are operated by a wide variety of institutions including a national organisation, people committees (local government), community groups, co-operatives and private companies.

Development of life expectancy in Vietnam since 1950

Vietnamese calligraphy in Latin alphabet.

Vietnamese traditional white school uniform for girls in the country, the áo dài with the addition of nón lá, a conical hat.

Vietnamese dragon on Emperor Khải Định's c. 1917 scroll in British Library collection.

Ca trù trio performance in northern Vietnam

Some of the notable Vietnamese cuisine, clockwise from top-right: phở noodle, chè thái fruit dessert, chả giò spring roll and bánh mì sandwich.

Vietnam Television (VTV), the main state television station

Special Tết decoration in the country seen during the holiday

Vietnam borders China to the north, Laos and Cambodia to the west, and shares maritime borders with Thailand through the Gulf of Thailand, and the Philippines, Indonesia, and Malaysia through the South China Sea.

Andaman and Nicobar Islands

Union territory of India consisting of 572 islands, of which 37 are inhabited, at the junction of the Bay of Bengal and the Andaman Sea.

Japanese military delegation salute Lieutenant Colonel Nathu Singh, commanding officer of the Rajput Regiment, following their surrender of Islands, 1945

Map of Andaman and Nicobar Islands with an extra detailed area around Port Blair.

Sea shore at Andaman and Nicobar Islands

Elephant on the Andaman and Nicobar seashore

Thiru. Vettrimalai Murugan temple - Port Blair

Little Andaman Island seen by Spot satellite.

Ross Island a couple of days before the tsunami of December 2004.

A statue of Vinayak Damodar Savarkar at Cellular Jail.

Cargo vessel Sindhu manufactured by CSL used for local transportation

Mangrove trees on the beach, Shaheed Island

The Andaman coast lined with coconut palms

Seascape at Chidiyatapu, Andaman islands

The territory is about 150 km north of Aceh in Indonesia and separated from Thailand and Myanmar by the Andaman Sea.

Srivijaya

Talang Tuwo inscription, discovered in Bukit Seguntang area, tells the establishment of the sacred Śrīksetra park

Floating houses in Musi River bank near Palembang in 1917. The Srivijayan capital was probably formed from a collection of floating houses like this

Srivijaya Archaeological Park (green) located southwest from the centre of Palembang. The site forms an axis connecting Bukit Seguntang and Musi River.

Muaro Jambi Buddhist temple compound, a possible location of Srivijaya's religious center.

By the late 8th century, the political capital was shifted to Central Java, when the Sailendras rose to become the Maharaja of Srivijaya.

The Kedukan Bukit inscription displayed in the National Museum of Indonesia

The golden Malayu-Srivijayan Avalokiteśvara Bodhisattva in Rataukapastuo, Muarabulian, Jambi, Indonesia

Malay polities in Sumatra and Malay Peninsula. By the turn of the 8th century the states in Sumatra and Malay Peninsula were under Srivijayan domination.

The construction of the Borobudur was completed under the reign of Samaratunga of the Sailendra dynasty.

Ancient Javanese vessel depicted in Borobudur. In 990 King Dharmawangsa of Java launched a naval attack against Srivijaya in Sumatra.

A Siamese painting depicting the Chola raid on Kedah

Ruins of the Wat Kaew in Chaiya, dating from Srivijayan times

Candi Gumpung, a Buddhist temple at the Muaro Jambi Temple Compounds of the Melayu Kingdom, later integrated as one of Srivijaya's important urban centre

Statue of Amoghapasa on top of inscription (1286) sent by Kertanegara of Singhasari to be erected in Suvarnabhumi Dharmasraya

Telaga Batu inscription adorned with seven nāga heads on top, and a waterspout on the lower part to channel the water probably poured during a ceremonial allegiance ritual

Expansion of Buddhism
starting in the 5th century BCE from northern India to the rest of Asia, which followed both inland and maritime trade routes of the Silk Road. Srivijaya once served as a centre of Buddhist learning and expansion. The overland and maritime "Silk Roads" were interlinked and complementary, forming what scholars have called the "great circle of Buddhism".

1 masa, silver coin of Srivijaya, circa 7th - 10th century.

Candi Tinggi, one of the temples within Muaro Jambi temple compound

Pagoda in Srivijaya style in Chaiya, Thailand

The gilded costume of South Sumatran Gending Sriwijaya dance invoked the splendour of the Srivijaya Empire.

The Sriwijaya Museum in Srivijaya Archaeological Park

Srivijaya (Sriwijaya, ; Srivijaya, ) was a Buddhist thalassocratic empire based on the island of Sumatra (in modern-day Indonesia), which influenced much of Southeast Asia.

Thailand

Country in Southeast Asia, located at the centre of the Mainland Southeast Asia, spanning 513120 km2, with a population of almost 70 million.

SPPM Mongkut Rex Siamensium, King Mongkut's signature

Map showing geographic distribution of Tai-Kadai linguistic family. Arrows represent general pattern of the migration of Tai-speaking tribes along the rivers and over the lower passes.

Taksin the Great enthroned himself as a Thai king, 1767.

United Front for Democracy Against Dictatorship, Red Shirts, protest in 2010

Thailand map of Köppen climate classification.

The population of Asian elephants in Thailand's wild has dropped to an estimated 2,000–3,000.

Sappaya-Sapasathan, the current Parliament House of Thailand

King Bhumibol Adulyadej in a meeting with U.S. President Barack Obama, 18 November 2012

The HTMS Chakri Naruebet, an aircraft carrier of the Royal Thai Navy

A proportional representation of Thailand exports, 2019

Sathorn in Bangkok is a skyscraper-studded business district that is home to major hotels and embassies.

Development of real GDP per capita, 1890 to 2018

A proportional representation of Thailand's exports

Thailand has long been one of the largest rice exporters in the world. Forty-nine percent of Thailand's labour force is employed in agriculture.

The BTS Skytrain is an elevated rapid transit system in Bangkok

Hill tribes girls in the Northeast of Thailand

Samanera of Theravada Buddhism, the most practised religion in Thailand.

Chulalongkorn University, established in 1917, is the oldest university in Thailand.

Thailand is a country where school uniform is mandatory.

Siriraj Hospital in Bangkok, the oldest and largest hospital in Thailand.

Thai women wearing sabai, Jim Thompson House

People floating krathong rafts during the Loi Krathong festival in Chiang Mai, Thailand

Scene from the Ramakien depicted on a mural at Wat Phra Kaew.

Two sculptures guarding the eastern gate to the main chapel of Wat Arun.

Sculptures of Phra Aphai Mani and the Mermaid from the epic poem Phra Aphai Mani, a work of Sunthorn Phu.

Khon show is the most stylised form of Thai performance.

Thailand also shares maritime borders with Vietnam to the southeast, and Indonesia and India to the southwest.

Philippines

Archipelagic country in Southeast Asia.

The Laguna Copperplate Inscription, the oldest known writing found in the Philippines

Filipino Ilustrados in Spain formed the Propaganda Movement. Photographed in 1890.

General Douglas MacArthur coming ashore during the Battle of Leyte on October 20, 1944

The 1991 eruption of Mount Pinatubo was the second largest volcanic eruption of the 20th century.

Mayon is an active stratovolcano, located in the south of the island of Luzon

The Philippine Eagle is endemic to the forests of the country.

A male Celestial monarch seen in Bislig.

Köppen climate classification of the Philippines

Malacañan Palace is the official residence of the president of the Philippines.

President Rodrigo Duterte and U.S. President Donald Trump discuss matters during a bilateral meeting in November 2017.

BRP Jose Rizal (FF-150) is the lead ship of her class of guided missile frigates of the Philippine Navy

A map that shows all ethnolinguistic groups in the Philippines.

The historical Paoay Church in Ilocos Norte. Declared as a National Cultural Treasure by the Philippine government in 1973 and a UNESCO World Heritage Site under the collective group of Baroque Churches of the Philippines in 1993.

Founded in 1611, the University of Santo Tomas is the oldest extant university in Asia.

Real GPD per capita development of the Philippines

A proportional representation of Philippines exports, 2019

Filipinos planting rice. Agriculture employs 23% of the Filipino workforce.

Headquarters of the International Rice Research Institute in Los Baños, Laguna.

An LRT Line 2 train at Santolan station.

A participant of the Ati-Atihan Festival.

A statue in Iriga City commemorating the mano po gesture

Cariñosa, a Hispanic era dance for traditional Filipino courtship.

José Rizal is a pioneer of Philippine Revolution through his literary works.

Philippines men's national basketball team celebrating the 2015 Southeast Asian Games championship.

It shares maritime borders with Taiwan to the north, Japan to the northeast, Palau to the east and southeast, Indonesia to the south, Malaysia to the southwest, Vietnam to the west, and China to the northwest.

Majapahit

A maja fruit growing near Trowulan. The bitter-tasting fruit is the origin of the kingdom's name

Nagarakretagama palm-leaf manuscript. Composed by Mpu Prapanca in 1365, it provides a primary historical account of Majapahit court during the reign of King Hayam Wuruk.

Painting of a 14th-century Yuan junk. Similar ships were sent by the Yuan in their naval armada.

King Kertarajasa portrayed as Harihara, amalgamation of Shiva and Vishnu. Originally located at Candi Simping, Blitar, today it is displayed in National Museum.

Golden image of a mounted rider, possibly the Hindu god Surya, within a stylised solar halo. Below is a conch flanked by two nagas. 14th-century Majapahit art, National Museum Jakarta.

The statue of Parvati as mortuary deified portrayal of Tribhuwanottunggadewi, queen of Majapahit, mother of Hayam Wuruk.

Rough estimations of Majapahit's conquest of the Indonesian archipelago (Nusantara) in the 13th century, its decline and its eventual fall in the early 16th century to Demak Sultanate. The existing historical records from several sources only partially describe the years listed and thus are subject to revisions.

The terracotta figure popularly believed by Mohammad Yamin as the portrait of Gajah Mada, collection of Trowulan Museum. His claim, however, is not backed by historical background.

Gajah Mada inscription, dated 1273 Saka (1351 CE), mentioned about a sacred caitya building dedicated by Gajah Mada for the late King Kertanegara of Singhasari.

Bronze cannon, called cetbang, Metropolitan Museum of Art, New York, from c. 1470–1478 Majapahit. Note the Surya Majapahit emblem on the bronze cannon.

The route of the voyages of Zheng He's fleet, including Majapahit ports.

The mortuary deified portrait statue of Queen Suhita (reign 1429–1447), discovered at Jebuk, Kalangbret, Tulungagung, East Java, National Museum of Indonesia.

Demak was the earliest Islamic polity in Java that replaced Majapahit.

Wringin Lawang, the 15.5-meter tall red brick split gate in Trowulan, believed to be the entrance of an important compound.

The king of Java and his 7 vassal kings, as imagined in a 15th century British manuscript contained in Friar Odoric's account.

The graceful Bidadari Majapahit, golden celestial apsara in Majapahit style perfectly describes Majapahit as "the golden age" of the archipelago.

Gold figure from the Majapahit period representing Sutasoma being borne by the man-eater Kalmasapada.

Palm leaf manuscript of Kakawin Sutasoma, a 14th-century Javanese poem.

Bas reliefs of Tegowangi temple, dated from Majapahit period, demonstrate the East Javanese style.

Pair of door guardians from a temple, Eastern Java, 14th century, Museum of Asian Art, San Francisco.

Jabung temple near Paiton, Probolinggo, East Java, dated from Majapahit period.

The 16.5-metre tall Bajang Ratu Paduraksa gate, at Trowulan, echoed the grandeur of Majapahit.

The stepped terraces, pavilions, and split gates of Cetho temple complex on mount Lawu slopes.

Majapahit terracotta piggy bank, 14th or 15th century Trowulan, East Java. (Collection of National Museum of Indonesia, Jakarta)

Ancient red-brick canal discovered in Trowulan. Majapahit had a well-developed irrigation infrastructure.

Majapahit core realm and provinces (Mancanagara) in eastern and central parts of Java, including islands of Madura and Bali.

The extent of Majapahit's influence under Hayam Wuruk in 1365 according to Nagarakretagama.

A 1.79 kilogram, 21-karat Majapahit period gold image discovered in Agusan, Philippines, copied Nganjuk bronze images of the early Majapahit period, signify Majapahit cultural influence on southern Philippines.

14th-century gold armlets and rings in East Javanese Majapahit style, found at Fort Canning Hill, Singapore, suggests that Tumasik or Singapura was within Majapahit sphere of influence.

Adityawarman, a senior minister of Majapahit depicted as Bhairava. He established the Pagaruyung Kingdom in Central Sumatra.

On centre bottom row (no. 8) is a Yǒng-Lè Tōng-Bǎo (永樂通寶) cash coin cast under the Yǒng-Lè Emperor (永樂帝) of Ming dynasty. These were cast in great quantities and used by Ashikaga, Ryukyu, as well as Majapahit.

Pura Maospahit ("Majapahit Temple") in Denpasar, Bali, demonstrate the typical Majapahit red brick architecture.

The Majapahit style minaret of Kudus Mosque.

Bas relief from Candi Penataran describes the Javanese-style pendopo pavilion, commonly found across Java and Bali.

The Kris of Knaud, one of the oldest surviving kris is dated to Majapahit period

The high reliefs of Gajah Mada and Majapahit history depicted in Monas, has become the source of Indonesian national pride of past greatness.

Gajah Mada statue in front of Telecommunication Museum in Taman Mini Indonesia Indah, Jakarta. Palapa, Indonesia's first telecommunication satellite launched on 9 July 1976 was named after Palapa oath.

Genealogy diagram of Rajasa dynasty, the royal family of Singhasari and Majapahit. Rulers are highlighted with period of reign.

Theatrical performance depicting the Mongol invasion of Java, performed by 150 students of Indonesian Institute of the Arts, Yogyakarta. The history of Majapahit continues to inspire contemporary artists.

Cropped portion of China Sea in the Miller atlas, showing six and three-masted jong.

Armor depicted in a statue from a candi in Singasari.

This Jiaozhi arquebus is similar to Java arquebus.

Deity holding a cuirass, from earlier, 10-11th century Nganjuk, East Java.

Majapahit, also known by its Sanskrit name Wilwatikta was a Javanese Hindu thalassocratic empire in Southeast Asia that was based on the island of Java (in modern-day Indonesia).