A report on Southeast Asia, Indonesia, Srivijaya and Majapahit

The maximum extent of Srivijaya around the 8th century with a series of Srivijayan expeditions and conquest

Map of the expansion of the Srivijaya empire, beginning in Palembang in the 7th century, then extending to most of Sumatra, then expanding to Java, Riau Islands, Bangka Belitung, Singapore, Malay Peninsula (also known as: Kra Peninsula), Thailand, Cambodia, South Vietnam, Kalimantan, Sarawak, Brunei, Sabah, and ended as the Malay Kingdom of Dharmasraya in Jambi in the 14th century

The greatest extent of Majapahit influence based on the Nagarakretagama in 1365

A Borobudur ship carved on Borobudur temple, c. 800 CE. Outrigger boats from the archipelago may have made trade voyages to the east coast of Africa as early as the 1st century CE.

Talang Tuwo inscription, discovered in Bukit Seguntang area, tells the establishment of the sacred Śrīksetra park

A maja fruit growing near Trowulan. The bitter-tasting fruit is the origin of the kingdom's name

Megalithic statue found in Tegurwangi, Sumatra, Indonesia 1500 CE

The submission of Prince Diponegoro to General De Kock at the end of the Java War in 1830

Floating houses in Musi River bank near Palembang in 1917. The Srivijayan capital was probably formed from a collection of floating houses like this

Nagarakretagama palm-leaf manuscript. Composed by Mpu Prapanca in 1365, it provides a primary historical account of Majapahit court during the reign of King Hayam Wuruk.

The Austroasiatic and Austronesian expansions into Maritime Southeast Asia.

Mount Semeru and Mount Bromo in East Java. Indonesia's seismic and volcanic activity is among the world's highest.

Srivijaya Archaeological Park (green) located southwest from the centre of Palembang. The site forms an axis connecting Bukit Seguntang and Musi River.

Painting of a 14th-century Yuan junk. Similar ships were sent by the Yuan in their naval armada.

Bronze drum from Sông Đà, northern Vietnam. Mid-1st millennium BC

Rainforest in Mount Palung National Park, West Kalimantan

Muaro Jambi Buddhist temple compound, a possible location of Srivijaya's religious center.

King Kertarajasa portrayed as Harihara, amalgamation of Shiva and Vishnu. Originally located at Candi Simping, Blitar, today it is displayed in National Museum.

Spread of Hinduism from South Asia to Southeast Asia

Köppen-Geiger climate classification map for Indonesia

By the late 8th century, the political capital was shifted to Central Java, when the Sailendras rose to become the Maharaja of Srivijaya.

Golden image of a mounted rider, possibly the Hindu god Surya, within a stylised solar halo. Below is a conch flanked by two nagas. 14th-century Majapahit art, National Museum Jakarta.

Borobudur temple in Central Java, Indonesia

Major volcanoes in Indonesia. Indonesia is in the Pacific Ring of Fire area.

The Kedukan Bukit inscription displayed in the National Museum of Indonesia

The statue of Parvati as mortuary deified portrayal of Tribhuwanottunggadewi, queen of Majapahit, mother of Hayam Wuruk.

Low visibility in Bukittinggi, West Sumatra, due to deforestation-related haze.

The golden Malayu-Srivijayan Avalokiteśvara Bodhisattva in Rataukapastuo, Muarabulian, Jambi, Indonesia

Rough estimations of Majapahit's conquest of the Indonesian archipelago (Nusantara) in the 13th century, its decline and its eventual fall in the early 16th century to Demak Sultanate. The existing historical records from several sources only partially describe the years listed and thus are subject to revisions.

Wapauwe Old Mosque is the oldest surviving mosque in Indonesia, and the second oldest in Southeast Asia, built in 1414

A presidential inauguration by the MPR in the Parliament Complex Jakarta, 2014

Malay polities in Sumatra and Malay Peninsula. By the turn of the 8th century the states in Sumatra and Malay Peninsula were under Srivijayan domination.

The terracotta figure popularly believed by Mohammad Yamin as the portrait of Gajah Mada, collection of Trowulan Museum. His claim, however, is not backed by historical background.

Embassy of Indonesia, Canberra, Australia

The construction of the Borobudur was completed under the reign of Samaratunga of the Sailendra dynasty.

Gajah Mada inscription, dated 1273 Saka (1351 CE), mentioned about a sacred caitya building dedicated by Gajah Mada for the late King Kertanegara of Singhasari.

Vast palm oil plantation in Bogor, West Java. Indonesia is the world's largest producer of palm oil.

Ancient Javanese vessel depicted in Borobudur. In 990 King Dharmawangsa of Java launched a naval attack against Srivijaya in Sumatra.

Bronze cannon, called cetbang, Metropolitan Museum of Art, New York, from c. 1470–1478 Majapahit. Note the Surya Majapahit emblem on the bronze cannon.

Fort Cornwallis in George Town marks the spot where the British East India Company first landed in Penang in 1786, thus heralding the British colonisation of Malaya

A proportional representation of Indonesia exports, 2019

A Siamese painting depicting the Chola raid on Kedah

The route of the voyages of Zheng He's fleet, including Majapahit ports.

Duit, a coin minted by the VOC, 1646–1667. 2 kas, 2 duit

Jatiluhur Dam, Indonesia's first and largest dam.

Ruins of the Wat Kaew in Chaiya, dating from Srivijayan times

The mortuary deified portrait statue of Queen Suhita (reign 1429–1447), discovered at Jebuk, Kalangbret, Tulungagung, East Java, National Museum of Indonesia.

Candi Gumpung, a Buddhist temple at the Muaro Jambi Temple Compounds of the Melayu Kingdom, later integrated as one of Srivijaya's important urban centre

Demak was the earliest Islamic polity in Java that replaced Majapahit.

Southeast Asia map of Köppen climate classification

Borobudur in Central Java, the world's largest Buddhist temple, is the single most visited tourist attraction in Indonesia.

Statue of Amoghapasa on top of inscription (1286) sent by Kertanegara of Singhasari to be erected in Suvarnabhumi Dharmasraya

Wringin Lawang, the 15.5-meter tall red brick split gate in Trowulan, believed to be the entrance of an important compound.

Komodo dragon in Komodo National Park, Indonesia

Raja Ampat Islands, West Papua, has the highest recorded level of diversity in marine life, according to Conservation International.

Telaga Batu inscription adorned with seven nāga heads on top, and a waterspout on the lower part to channel the water probably poured during a ceremonial allegiance ritual

The king of Java and his 7 vassal kings, as imagined in a 15th century British manuscript contained in Friar Odoric's account.

Expansion of Buddhism
starting in the 5th century BCE from northern India to the rest of Asia, which followed both inland and maritime trade routes of the Silk Road. Srivijaya once served as a centre of Buddhist learning and expansion. The overland and maritime "Silk Roads" were interlinked and complementary, forming what scholars have called the "great circle of Buddhism".

The graceful Bidadari Majapahit, golden celestial apsara in Majapahit style perfectly describes Majapahit as "the golden age" of the archipelago.

Wallace's hypothetical line divides Indonesian Archipelago into 2 types of fauna, Australasian and Southeast Asian fauna. The deepwater of the Lombok Strait between the islands of Bali and Lombok formed a water barrier even when lower sea levels linked the now-separated islands and landmasses on either side

1 masa, silver coin of Srivijaya, circa 7th - 10th century.

Gold figure from the Majapahit period representing Sutasoma being borne by the man-eater Kalmasapada.

The Port of Singapore is the busiest transshipment and container port in the world, and is an important transportation and shipping hub in Southeast Asia

A Hindu shrine dedicated to King Siliwangi in Pura Parahyangan Agung Jagatkarta, Bogor. Hinduism has left a legacy on Indonesian art and culture.

Candi Tinggi, one of the temples within Muaro Jambi temple compound

Palm leaf manuscript of Kakawin Sutasoma, a 14th-century Javanese poem.

Along with its temples Cambodia has been promoting its coastal resorts. Island off Otres Beach Sihanoukville, Cambodia

Menara Kudus, a mosque with a traditional Indonesian architectural style.

Pagoda in Srivijaya style in Chaiya, Thailand

Bas reliefs of Tegowangi temple, dated from Majapahit period, demonstrate the East Javanese style.

Population distribution of the countries of Southeast Asia (with Indonesia split into its major islands).

The gilded costume of South Sumatran Gending Sriwijaya dance invoked the splendour of the Srivijaya Empire.

Pair of door guardians from a temple, Eastern Java, 14th century, Museum of Asian Art, San Francisco.

Ati woman in Aklan – the Negritos were the earliest inhabitants of Southeast Asia.

Bandung Institute of Technology in West Java

The Sriwijaya Museum in Srivijaya Archaeological Park

Jabung temple near Paiton, Probolinggo, East Java, dated from Majapahit period.

Spirit houses are common in areas of Southeast Asia where Animism is a held belief.

Riots on the streets of Jakarta on 14 May 1998.

The 16.5-metre tall Bajang Ratu Paduraksa gate, at Trowulan, echoed the grandeur of Majapahit.

The Mother Temple of Besakih, one of Bali's most significant Balinese Hindu temples.

Traditional Balinese painting depicting cockfighting

The stepped terraces, pavilions, and split gates of Cetho temple complex on mount Lawu slopes.

Thai Theravada Buddhists in Chiang Mai, Thailand.

An avenue of Tongkonan houses in a Torajan village, South Sulawesi

Majapahit terracotta piggy bank, 14th or 15th century Trowulan, East Java. (Collection of National Museum of Indonesia, Jakarta)

The prayer hall of the Goddess of Mercy Temple, the oldest Taoist temple in Penang, Malaysia.

Ancient red-brick canal discovered in Trowulan. Majapahit had a well-developed irrigation infrastructure.

Sultan Omar Ali Saifuddin Mosque in Brunei, an Islamic country with Sharia rule.

Pandava and Krishna in an act of the Wayang Wong performance

Majapahit core realm and provinces (Mancanagara) in eastern and central parts of Java, including islands of Madura and Bali.

Roman Catholic Cathedral-Basilica of the Immaculate Conception, the metropolitan see of the Archbishop of Manila, Philippines.

Advertisement for Loetoeng Kasaroeng (1926), the first fiction film produced in the Dutch East Indies

The extent of Majapahit's influence under Hayam Wuruk in 1365 according to Nagarakretagama.

A Protestant church in Indonesia. Indonesia has the largest Protestant population in Southeast Asia.

Metro TV at Gelora Bung Karno Stadium, reporting the 2010 AFF Championship

A 1.79 kilogram, 21-karat Majapahit period gold image discovered in Agusan, Philippines, copied Nganjuk bronze images of the early Majapahit period, signify Majapahit cultural influence on southern Philippines.

Jewish Surabaya Synagogue in Indonesia, demolished in 2013.

Pramoedya Ananta Toer, Indonesia's most famous novelist. Many considered him to be Southeast Asia's leading candidate for a Nobel Prize in Literature.

Nasi Padang with rendang, gulai and vegetables

14th-century gold armlets and rings in East Javanese Majapahit style, found at Fort Canning Hill, Singapore, suggests that Tumasik or Singapura was within Majapahit sphere of influence.

A demonstration of Pencak Silat, a form of martial arts

Adityawarman, a senior minister of Majapahit depicted as Bhairava. He established the Pagaruyung Kingdom in Central Sumatra.

The Royal Ballet of Cambodia (Paris, France 2010)

A Hindu prayer ceremony at Besakih Temple in Bali, the only Indonesian province where Hinduism is the predominant religion.

On centre bottom row (no. 8) is a Yǒng-Lè Tōng-Bǎo (永樂通寶) cash coin cast under the Yǒng-Lè Emperor (永樂帝) of Ming dynasty. These were cast in great quantities and used by Ashikaga, Ryukyu, as well as Majapahit.

Angklung as a Masterpiece of Oral and Intangible Heritage of Humanity

Baiturrahman Grand Mosque in Banda Aceh, Aceh. The spread of Islam in Indonesia began in the region.

Pura Maospahit ("Majapahit Temple") in Denpasar, Bali, demonstrate the typical Majapahit red brick architecture.

Thai manuscript from before the 19th-century writing system

The Majapahit style minaret of Kudus Mosque.

Sign in Balinese and Latin script at a Hindu temple in Bali

Bas relief from Candi Penataran describes the Javanese-style pendopo pavilion, commonly found across Java and Bali.

The Kris of Knaud, one of the oldest surviving kris is dated to Majapahit period

The high reliefs of Gajah Mada and Majapahit history depicted in Monas, has become the source of Indonesian national pride of past greatness.

Gajah Mada statue in front of Telecommunication Museum in Taman Mini Indonesia Indah, Jakarta. Palapa, Indonesia's first telecommunication satellite launched on 9 July 1976 was named after Palapa oath.

Genealogy diagram of Rajasa dynasty, the royal family of Singhasari and Majapahit. Rulers are highlighted with period of reign.

Theatrical performance depicting the Mongol invasion of Java, performed by 150 students of Indonesian Institute of the Arts, Yogyakarta. The history of Majapahit continues to inspire contemporary artists.

Cropped portion of China Sea in the Miller atlas, showing six and three-masted jong.

The UN Statistics Division for Asia are based on convenience rather than implying any assumption regarding political or other affiliation of countries or territories:
Central Asia
Eastern Asia
Northern Asia
South-eastern Asia
Southern Asia
Western Asia

Armor depicted in a statue from a candi in Singasari.

Map showing the divergent plate boundaries (oceanic spreading ridges) and recent sub-aerial volcanoes (mostly at convergent boundaries), with a high density of volcanoes situated in Indonesia and the Philippines.

This Jiaozhi arquebus is similar to Java arquebus.

Deity holding a cuirass, from earlier, 10-11th century Nganjuk, East Java.

Bái Đính Temple in Ninh Bình Province – the largest complex of Buddhist temples in Vietnam

Indonesia, officially the Republic of Indonesia, is a country in Southeast Asia and Oceania between the Indian and Pacific oceans.

- Indonesia

Srivijaya (Sriwijaya, ; Srivijaya, ) was a Buddhist thalassocratic empire based on the island of Sumatra (in modern-day Indonesia), which influenced much of Southeast Asia.

- Srivijaya

Majapahit (ꦩꦗꦥꦲꦶꦠ꧀; ), also known as Wilwatikta (ꦮꦶꦭ꧀ꦮꦠꦶꦏ꧀ꦠ; ) was a Javanese Hindu-Buddhist thalassocratic empire in Southeast Asia that was based on the island of Java (in modern-day Indonesia).

- Majapahit

East Timor and the southern portion of Indonesia are the only parts that are south of the Equator.

- Southeast Asia

The Indonesian archipelago has been a valuable region for trade since at least the 7th century when Srivijaya and later Majapahit traded with entities from mainland China and the Indian subcontinent.

- Indonesia

The kingdom ceased to exist in the 13th century due to various factors, including the expansion of the competitor Javanese Singhasari and Majapahit empires.

- Srivijaya

This change resulted in the decline of Funan, while new maritime powers such as Srivijaya, Tarumanagara, and Medang emerged.

- Southeast Asia

He invited China to resume the tributary system, just like Srivijaya did several centuries earlier.

- Majapahit

After the departure of the Mongols, Wijaya established the Majapahit Empire in eastern Java in 1293.

- Southeast Asia

2 related topics with Alpha

Malaysia

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"Malaysia" used as a label for the Malay Archipelago on a 1914 map from a United States atlas

The Malacca Sultanate played a major role in spreading Islam throughout the Malay Archipelago.

The Dutch fleet battling with the Portuguese armada as part of the Dutch–Portuguese War in 1606 to gain control of Malacca

Statue of Francis Light in the Fort Cornwallis of Penang, the first British colony in what was to become Malaysia

The Parliament of Malaysia, the building that houses the members of the Dewan Rakyat

The Perdana Putra houses the office of the Prime Minister.

Former Prime Minister Mahathir Mohamad meeting with US Secretary of State Mike Pompeo at the Prime Minister's Office in Putrajaya, 2018

Examples of the Malaysian Armed Forces weaponry assets. Clockwise from top right:, PT-91M MBT tank, Malaysian Army paratrooper with M4, and Su-30MKM fighter aircraft.

Malaysia is within the equatorial region, where a tropical rainforest climate is apparent all year round.

Mount Kinabalu, the highest summit in the country

Native species in Malaysia, clockwise from top-right: oriental pied hornbills, hawksbill sea turtle, proboscis monkey, Malayan tiger.

Some species of Rafflesia can grow up to 1 m in diameter, making them the largest flowers in the world.

Development of real GDP per capita, 1870 to 2018

A proportional representation of Malaysia exports, 2019

The Proton company is a Malaysian car manufacturer.

The percentage distribution of Malaysian population by ethnic group based on 2010 census

Population density (person per km2) in 2010

The percentage distribution of Malaysian population by religion based on 2010 census

A traditional house being built in Sabah

A craftsman making batik. Malaysian batik is usually patterned with floral motifs with light colouring.

Malaysia's largest Buddhist temple—Kek Lok Si in Penang—illuminated in preparation for the Lunar New Year

Traditional sports such as the martial art style Silat Melayu persist alongside modern sports.

Topographic map of Malaysia; Mount Kinabalu is the highest summit in the country.

Köppen climate classification of Malaysia. The country is within the equatorial region, where a tropical rainforest climate is apparent all year round.

Kuala Lumpur, the financial centre of Malaysia

The distribution of language families of Malaysia shown by colours:
(click image to enlarge)
Malayic
Bornean
Aslian
Land Dayak
Sama–Bajaw
Philippine
Chinese
Areas with multiple languages

Malaysia is a country in Southeast Asia.

Peninsular Malaysia shares a land and maritime border with Thailand and maritime borders with Singapore, Vietnam, and Indonesia.

'Melayu' then became associated with Srivijaya, and remained associated with various parts of Sumatra, especially Palembang, where the founder of the Malacca Sultanate is thought to have come from.

By the 13th and the 14th century, the Majapahit empire had successfully wrested control over most of the peninsula and the Malay Archipelago from Srivijaya.

A Javanese bride and groom wearing their traditional garb

Javanese people

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Javanese adapted many aspects of Indian culture, such as the Ramayana epic.

Sultan Amangkurat II of Mataram (upper right) watching warlord Untung Surapati fighting Captain Tack of the Dutch East India Company (VOC). ca 1684 AD.

A Javanese courtly ceremony at Keraton Surakarta in 1932.

Javanese cultural expressions, such as wayang and gamelan are often used to promote the excellence of Javanese culture.

Gamelan is one of Javanese cultural expression that demonstrate refinement.

Javanese priyayi (aristocrat) and servants, c. undefined 1865.

Example of Javanese cuisine. Clockwise: fried tempeh, mlinjo crackers, gudeg with rice wrapped in teak leaf, green chili sambal and sliced lime.

Nasi tumpeng, the quintessentially Javanese rice dish, symbolises the volcano.

Inhabitants of Jave la Grande (Great Java island), from Nicholas Vallard's manuscript sea atlas (1547). The people are armed with spear and shortsword with curving hilt, a feature of Indonesian weapon (golok?). The man riding a horse seems to be a leader or noble. The servant behind him carried a parasol. Several men is wearing turbans, which may indicate that they are Muslims, but the women did not cover their head like Muslims do (it needs to be noted that, this custom of Muslim women not wearing a veil in Indonesia is quite common until after World War 2). In the background are several raised wooden huts, also a feature of Indonesian building. It is unknown whether these huts are for dwelling or serve as a temporary shelter for people working on the orchard.

Javanese migrant workers in Suriname, circa 1940

A decorative kris with a figure of Semar as the handle. The bilah has thirteen luk

Weapons of Java: Machetes, maces, bow and arrows, blowpipe, sling

Short swords, shields, and a matchlock gun (istinggar)

Javanese woodworkers making traditional masks during the Dutch East Indies era

The carpenters' tools of the Javanese people

A drawing of Javanese manufacturing tools, handicrafts, and musical instruments

Javanese musical instruments, many of which require the skills of blacksmith and carpenters

The Javan or Javanese (Javanese:, Wong Jawa (in Ngoko register); , Tiyang Jawi (in Krama register)) are indigenous ethnic group native to the central and eastern hemisphere of Java island, Indonesia.

With approximately 100 million people, Javanese people are the largest ethnic group in Indonesia and the whole Southeast Asia in general.

The move was most likely caused by the volcanic eruption of Merapi and/or invasion from Srivijaya.

Raden Wijaya would later establish Majapahit near the delta of the Brantas River in modern-day Mojokerto, East Java.