A report on Indus River, Sindh and Pakistan

The course of the Indus in the disputed Kashmir region; the river flows through Ladakh and Gilgit-Baltistan, administered respectively by India and Pakistan

The major sites of the Indus Valley Civilization fl 2600–1900 BCE in Pakistan, India and Afghanistan

The Priest-King from Mohenjo-daro, 4000 years old, in the National Museum of Pakistan

Indus Priest King Statue from Mohenjo-Daro.

Extent and major sites of the Indus Valley Civilization in pre-modern Pakistan and India 3000 BC

Confluence of Indus and Zanskar rivers. The Indus is at the left of the picture, flowing left-to-right; the Zanskar, carrying more water, comes in from the top of the picture.

Standing Buddha from Gandhara, Greco-Buddhist art, 1st–2nd century AD.

Skyline of Sukkur along the shores of the Indus River

Makli Hill is one of the largest necropolises in the world.

Clock Tower, Faisalabad, built by the British government in the 19th century

The Indus River near Skardu, in Gilgit–Baltistan.

Sindh became part of the Bombay Presidency in 1909.

Queen Elizabeth II was the last monarch of independent Pakistan, before it became a republic in 1956.

Signing of the Tashkent Declaration to end hostilities with India in 1965 in Tashkent, USSR, by President Ayub alongside Bhutto (centre) and Aziz Ahmed (left)

Lansdowne Bridge and Ayub Bridge connecting the cities of Rohri and Sukkur in Sindh, Pakistan.

Devotee at Panchmukhi Hanuman Temple in Karachi

President George W. Bush meets with President Musharraf in Islamabad during his 2006 visit to Pakistan.

The Friday Prayers at the Badshahi Mosque in Lahore

Sindhri is among top 10 mango varieties in the world

A satellite image showing the topography of Pakistan

Köppen climate classification of Pakistan

A view of Karachi downtown, the capital of Sindh province

President of Pakistan Ayub Khan with US President John F. Kennedy in 1961

Pakistani Prime Minister Imran Khan at the 2019 Shanghai Cooperation Organisation summit

Pakistan Prime Minister Huseyn Shaheed Suhrawardy with Chinese Premier Zhou Enlai signing the Treaty of Friendship Between China and Pakistan. Pakistan is host to China's largest embassy.

Sukkur skyline along the shores of the River Indus

The areas shown in green are the Pakistani-controlled areas.

Dayaram Jethmal College (D.J. College), Karachi in the 19th century

Hunza Valley in the Gilgit-Baltistan region is part of Pakistani-controlled Kashmir.

National Academy of Performing Arts, Karachi

Pakistan Air Force's JF-17 Thunder flying in front of the 26660 ft Nanga Parbat

Statue of a bull outside the Pakistan Stock Exchange, Islamabad, Pakistan

Surface mining in Sindh. Pakistan has been termed the 'Saudi Arabia of Coal' by Forbes.

Archaeological ruins at Moenjodaro, Sindh, Pakistan

Television assembly factory in Lahore. Pakistan's industrial sector accounts for about 20.3% of the GDP, and is dominated by small and medium-sized enterprises.

The ruins of an ancient mosque at Bhambore

Rising skyline of Karachi with several under construction skyscrapers.

Sindhi women collecting water from a reservoir on the way to Mubarak Village

Lake Saiful Muluk, located at the northern end of the Kaghan Valley, near the town of Naran in the Saiful Muluk National Park.

Badshahi Mosque was commissioned by the Mughals in 1671. It is listed as a World Heritage Site.

Caravan of merchants in the Indus River Valley

Tarbela Dam, the largest earth filled dam in the world, was constructed in 1968.

Pakistan produced 1,135 megawatts of renewable energy for the month of October 2016. Pakistan expects to produce 3,000 megawatts of renewable energy by the beginning of 2019.

The motorway passes through the Salt Range mountains

Ranikot Fort, one of the largest forts in the world

Port of Karachi is one of South Asia's largest and busiest deep-water seaports, handling about 60% of the nation's cargo (25 million tons per annum)

Remains of 9th century Jain temple in Bhodesar near Nagarparkar.

Track of Islamabad-Rawalpindi Metrobus with adjoining station

Central Library of University of Sargodha

Malala Yousafzai at the Women of the World festival in 2014.

alt=Karoonjhar Mountains, Tharparkar|Karoonjhar Mountains, Tharparkar

Pakistan hosts the second largest refugee population globally after Turkey. An Afghan refugee girl near Tarbela Dam

Faisal Mosque, built in 1986 by Turkish architect Vedat Dalokay on behalf of King Faisal bin Abdul-Aziz of Saudi Arabia

Havana at Shri Hinglaj Mata temple shakti peetha, the largest Hindu pilgrimage centre in Pakistan. The annual Hinglaj Yathra is attended by more than 250,000 people.

Truck art is a distinctive feature of Pakistani culture.

People in traditional clothing in Neelum District

Muhammad Iqbal, Pakistan's national poet who conceived the idea of Pakistan

The Tomb of Shah Rukn-e-Alam is part of Pakistan's Sufi heritage.

Minar-e-Pakistan is a national monument marking Pakistan's independence movement.

Located on the bank of Arabian Sea in Karachi, Port Grand is one of the largest food streets of Asia.

Gaddafi Stadium, Lahore is the 3rd largest cricket stadium in Pakistan with a seating capacity of 27,000 spectators.

Sindh (سنڌ;, ; historically romanized as Sind) is one of the four provinces of Pakistan.

- Sindh

The 3180 km river rises in Western Tibet, flows northwest through the disputed region of Kashmir, bends sharply to the left after the Nanga Parbat massif, and flows south-by-southwest through Pakistan, before emptying into the Arabian Sea near the port city of Karachi.

- Indus River

Sindh's landscape consists mostly of alluvial plains flanking the Indus River, the Thar Desert in the eastern portion of the province along the international border with India, and the Kirthar Mountains in the western portion of the province.

- Sindh

The northern part of the Indus Valley, with its tributaries, forms the Punjab region of South Asia, while the lower course of the river ends in a large delta in the southern Sindh province of Pakistan.

- Indus River

The Indus region, which covers most of present day Pakistan, was the site of several successive ancient cultures including the Neolithic Mehrgarh and the Bronze Age Indus Valley civilisation (2,800–1,800 BCE) at Harappa and Mohenjo-Daro.

- Pakistan

At its zenith, the Rai Dynasty (489–632 CE) of Sindh ruled this region and the surrounding territories.

- Pakistan

11 related topics with Alpha

Excavated ruins of Mohenjo-daro, Sindh province, Pakistan, showing the Great Bath in the foreground. Mohenjo-daro, on the right bank of the Indus River, is a UNESCO World Heritage Site, the first site in South Asia to be so declared.

Indus Valley civilisation

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Bronze Age civilisation in the northwestern regions of South Asia, lasting from 3300 BCE to 1300 BCE, and in its mature form from 2600 BCE to 1900 BCE.

Miniature votive images or toy models from Harappa, c. 2500 BCE. Terracotta figurines indicate the yoking of zebu oxen for pulling a cart and the presence of the chicken, a domesticated jungle fowl.

Major sites and extent of the Indus Valley civilisation

Alexander Cunningham, the first director general of the Archaeological Survey of India (ASI), interpreted a Harappan stamp seal in 1875.

R. D. Banerji, an officer of the ASI, visited Mohenjo-daro in 1919–1920, and again in 1922–1923, postulating the site's far-off antiquity.

John Marshall, the director-general of the ASI from 1902 to 1928, who oversaw the excavations in Harappa and Mohenjo-daro, shown in a 1906 photograph

Terracotta boat in the shape of a bull, and female figurines. Kot Diji period (c. 2800–2600 BC).

Mature Harappan Period, c. 2600–1900 BCE

Harappan weights found in the Indus Valley, (National Museum, New Delhi)

Male dancing torso; 2400-1900 BC; limestone; height: 9.9 cm; National Museum (New Delhi)

Stamp seals and (right) impressions, some of them with Indus script; probably made of steatite; British Museum (London)

human deity with the horns, hooves and tail of a bull

Archaeological discoveries suggest that trade routes between Mesopotamia and the Indus were active during the 3rd millennium BCE, leading to the development of Indus–Mesopotamia relations.

Boat with direction-finding birds to find land. Model of Mohenjo-daro tablet, 2500–1750 BCE.(National Museum, New Delhi). Flat-bottomed river row-boats appear in two Indus seals, but their seaworthiness is debatable.

Ten Indus characters from the northern gate of Dholavira, dubbed the Dholavira signboard

The Pashupati seal, showing a seated figure surrounded by animals

Swastika seals of Indus Valley civilisation in British Museum

Late Harappan figures from a hoard at Daimabad, 2000 BCE (Prince of Wales Museum, Bombay)

Painted pottery urns from Harappa (Cemetery H culture, c. 1900–1300 BCE), National Museum, New Delhi

Impression of a cylinder seal of the Akkadian Empire, with label: "The Divine Sharkalisharri Prince of Akkad, Ibni-Sharrum the Scribe his servant". The long-horned buffalo is thought to have come from the Indus Valley, and testifies to exchanges with Meluhha, the Indus Valley civilisation. Circa 2217–2193 BCE. Louvre Museum.

Ceremonial vessel; 2600-2450 BC; terracotta with black paint; 49.53 × 25.4 cm; Los Angeles County Museum of Art (US)

Cubical weights, standardised throughout the Indus cultural zone; 2600-1900 BC; chert; British Museum (London)

Mohenjo-daro beads; 2600-1900 BC; carnelian and terracotta; British Museum

Ram-headed bird mounted on wheels, probably a toy; 2600-1900 BC; terracotta; Guimet Museum (Paris)

Reclining mouflon; 2600–1900 BC; marble; length: 28 cm; Metropolitan Museum of Art (New York City)

The Priest-King; 2400–1900 BC; low fired steatite; height: 17.5 cm; National Museum of Pakistan (Karachi)

The Dancing Girl; 2400–1900 BC; bronze; height: 10.8 cm; National Museum (New Delhi)

Seal; 3000–1500 BC; baked steatite; 2 × 2 cm; Metropolitan Museum of Art (New York City)

Stamp seal and modern impression: unicorn and incense burner (?); 2600-1900 BC; burnt steatite; 3.8 × 3.8 × 1 cm; Metropolitan Museum of Art

Seal with two-horned bull and inscription; 2010 BC; steatite; overall: 3.2 x 3.2 cm; Cleveland Museum of Art (Cleveland, Ohio, US)

Seal with unicorn and inscription; 2010 BC; steatite; overall: 3.5 x 3.6 cm; Cleveland Museum of Art

Its sites spanned an area from northeast Afghanistan and much of Pakistan to western and northwestern India.

The civilisation flourished both in the alluvial plain of the Indus River, which flows through the length of Pakistan, and along a system of perennial monsoon-fed rivers that once coursed in the vicinity of the Ghaggar-Hakra, a seasonal river in northwest India and eastern Pakistan.

The largest number of sites are in Gujarat, Haryana, Punjab, Rajasthan, Uttar Pradesh, Jammu and Kashmir states in India, and Sindh, Punjab, and Balochistan provinces in Pakistan.

Punjab, Pakistan

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Punjab was part of the Vedic Civilization

Location of Punjab, Pakistan and the extent of the Indus Valley Civilisation sites in and around it

Modern painting of Bulleh Shah (1680–1757), a Punjabi Muslim Sufi poet who has hugely impacted the region

Maharaja Ranjit Singh’s court at Lahore Fort, by August Schoefft

The Faisalabad Clock Tower was built during the rule of the British Empire

Punjab features mountainous terrain near the hill station of Murree.

The route from Dera Ghazi Khan to Fort Munro

A demonstration by Punjabis at Lahore, Pakistan, demanding to make Punjabi as official language of instruction in schools of the Punjab.

Main entrance to The university of Sargodha

Government college for Women, Rawalpindi

Tomb of Shah Rukn-e-Alam, Multan (1320 AD)

Punjab is famous for various shrines of Sufi saints and Data durbar in particular

Badshahi Mosque, built by Mughal Emperor Aurangzeb at Lahore

Camel saddle created in Multan or in other parts of Pakistan. It is very different from Multani Khussa

Matki earthen pot, a clay vase exhibition

Lahore Fort, a UNESCO World Heritage Site

Katas Raj Temples (Sardar of Hari Singh's Haveli)

Clock Tower at Govt College University, Lahore

Nusrat Fateh Ali Khan Auditorium in Faisalabad

A view of Murree, a famous hill station of Punjab

Different shapes of clay pots mostly made in Gujrat

Tilla Jogian Jhelum, scenic peak in Punjab considered sacred by Hindus

Punjab is one of the four provinces of Pakistan.

Forming the bulk of the transnational Punjab region between Pakistan and India, it is bounded locally by Sindh to the south, Balochistan to the west, Khyber Pakhtunkhwa to the northwest, the Islamabad Capital Territory to the north, and the Pakistani-administered territory of Azad Jammu and Kashmir to the northeast.

The arrival of the Indo-Aryans led to the flourishing of the Vedic civilization along the length of the Indus River.

Punjab

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Taxila in Pakistan is a World Heritage Site

Menander I Soter (165/155 – 130 BCE), conqueror of the Punjab, carved out a Greek kingdom in the Punjab and ruled the Punjab until his death in 130BC.

A section of the Lahore Fort built by the Mughal emperor Akbar

Dominant Mother Tongue in each Pakistani District as of the 2017 Pakistan Census

Punjab (ਪੰਜਾਬ; ; ; also romanised as Panjāb or Panj-Āb) is a geopolitical, cultural, and historical region in South Asia, specifically in the northern part of the Indian subcontinent, comprising areas of eastern Pakistan and northwestern India.

In the 16th century Mughal Empire it referred to a relatively smaller area between the Indus and the Sutlej rivers.

It bordered the Balochistan and Khyber-Pakhtunkhwa regions to the west, Kashmir to the north, the Hindi Belt to the east, and Rajasthan and Sindh to the south.

Harappa

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Archaeological site in Punjab, Pakistan, about 24 km west of Sahiwal.

Map showing the sites and extent of the Indus Valley Civilisation. Harappa was the centre of one of the core regions of the Indus Valley Civilization, located in central Punjab. The Harappan architecture and Harappan Civilisation was one of the most developed in the old Bronze Age.

Miniature Votive Images or Toy Models from Harappa, ca. 2500. Hand-modeled terra-cotta figurines with polychromy.

Harappa. Fragment of Large Deep Vessel, circa 2500 B.C. Red pottery with red and black slip-painted decoration, 4 15/16 × 6 1/8 in. (12.5 × 15.5 cm). Brooklyn Museum

The site of the ancient city contains the ruins of a Bronze Age fortified city, which was part of the Harappan civilisation centred in Sindh and the Punjab, and then the Cemetery H culture.

The Harappan Civilisation has its earliest roots in cultures such as that of Mehrgarh, approximately 6000 BC. The two greatest cities, Mohenjo-daro and Harappa, emerged circa 2600 BC along the Indus River valley in Punjab and Sindh.

Mohenjo-daro is another major city of the same period, located in Sindhprovince of Pakistan. One of its most well-known structures is the Great Bath of Mohenjo-Daro.

Mohenjo-daro

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Map showing the major sites and theorised extent of the Indus Valley Civilisation, including the location of the Mohenjo-daro site

Regularity of streets and buildings suggests the influence of ancient urban planning in Mohenjo-daro's construction.

View of the site's Great Bath, showing the surrounding urban layout

Excavation of the city revealed very tall wells (left), which it seems were continually built up as flooding and rebuilding raised the elevation of street level.

Boat with direction finding birds to find land. Model of Mohenjo-Daro seal, 2500-1750 BCE.

"The Priest-King", a seated stone sculpture at the National Museum, Karachi

Mohenjo-daro ((موئن جو دڙو, meaning "Mound of the Dead Men" or "Mohan's Mound"; ) is an archaeological site in the province of Sindh, Pakistan.

Mohenjo-daro is located off the right (west) bank of the lower Indus river in Larkana District, Sindh, Pakistan.

Karachi

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The 15th–18th century Chaukhandi tombs are located 29 km east of Karachi.

The Manora Fort, built-in 1797 to defend Karachi, was captured by the British on 3February 1839 and upgraded 1888–1889.

An 1897 image of Karachi's Rampart Row street in Mithadar

Some of Karachi's most recognized structures, such as Frere Hall, date from the British Raj.

Karachi features several examples of colonial-era Indo-Saracenic architecture, such as the KMC Building.

Lord Mountbatten and his wife Edwina in Karachi 14 August 1947

The Arabian Sea influences Karachi's climate, providing the city with more moderate temperatures compared to the interior Sindh province.

The Karachi Chamber of Commerce Building. Central Karachi features several such buildings dating from the colonial era.

Much of Karachi's skyline is decentralized, with some growth in traditionally suburban areas.

The former State Bank of Pakistan building was built during the colonial era.

Karachi is home to large numbers of descendants of refugees and migrants from Hyderabad, in southern India, who built a small replica of Hyderabad's famous Charminar monument in Karachi's Bahadurabad area.

Abdullah Shah Ghazi, an 8th Century Sufi mystic, is the patron saint of Karachi.

St. Patrick's Cathedral, built-in 1881, serves as the seat of the Archdiocese of Karachi.

The Swaminarayan Temple is the largest Hindu temple in Karachi.

Nagan Chowrangi interchange is a major intersection in northern Karachi.

Karachi's Cantonment railway station is one of the city's primary transport hubs.

Karachi's Jinnah International Airport is the busiest and second largest airport in Pakistan.

The Port of Karachi is one of South Asia's largest and busiest deep-water seaports.

Bai Virbaijee Soparivala (B.V.S.) Parsi High School

The D. J. Sindh Government Science College is one of Karachi's oldest universities and dates from 1887.

The famous "Priest-King" statue of the Indus Valley Civilization is displayed at Karachi's National Museum of Pakistan.

Built as a home for a wealthy Hindu businessman, the Mohatta Palace is now a museum open to the public.

Built by Hindus under British rule, the Gymkhana Building was repurposed to house the National Academy of Performing Arts.

The Tooba Mosque. Karachi saw construction of several such modernist style buildings in the 1950s and 1960s.

The former US Embassy, designed by modernist architect Richard Neutra

At a height of {{convert|300|m|ft}}, Bahria Icon Tower is the tallest skyscraper in Pakistan.

Lucky One Mall is the largest shopping mall in Pakistan as well as in South Asia with an area of about 3.4 million square feet.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.lmkt.com/south-asias-largest-mall-lucky-one-selects-lmkt-to-deploy-gpon-solution/|title=South Asia's largest mall, Lucky One selects LMKT to deploy GPON Solution|date=18 January 2016}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://pakiholic.com/photos-facts-lucky-one-mall/|title=21 Amazing Photos and Facts About Lucky One Mall Karachi – The Biggest Shopping Mall in Pakistan|last=Khan|first=Haris|date=2017-06-04|website=Paki Holic|language=en-US|access-date=2020-01-04|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200613125623/https://pakiholic.com/photos-facts-lucky-one-mall/|archive-date=13 June 2020|url-status=dead}}</ref>

Karachi's downtown is centred on I. I. Chundrigar Road.

Many corporations are located in Defence and Clifton.

Katrak Bandstand at the Jehangir Kothari Parade

Karachi (ڪراچي; ALA-LC:, ) is the largest city in Pakistan and the twelfth-largest city in the world.

It is the capital of the Pakistani province of Sindh.

The expansive Karachi region is believed to have been known to the ancient Greeks, and may have been the site of Barbarikon, an ancient seaport which was located at the nearby mouth of the Indus River.

South Asia

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Southern region of Asia, which is defined in both geographical and ethno-cultural terms.

Various definitions of South Asia, including the definition by UNSD which was created for "statistical convenience and does not imply any assumption regarding political or other affiliation of countries or territories."

United Nations cartographic map of South Asia. However, the United Nations does not endorse any definitions or area boundaries.

While South Asia had never been a coherent geopolitical region, it has a distinct geographical identity

Indus Valley Civilisation during 2600–1900 BCE, the mature phase

The Trimurti is the trinity of supreme divinity in Hinduism, typically Brahma the creator, Vishnu the preserver, and Shiva the destroyer

Outreach of influence of early medieval Chola dynasty

Timur defeats the Sultan of Delhi, Nasir-u Din Mehmud, in the winter of 1397–1398

Emperor Shah Jahan and his son Prince Aurangzeb in Mughal Court, 1650

British Indian Empire in 1909. British India is shaded pink, the princely states yellow.

South Asia's Köppen climate classification map is based on native vegetation, temperature, precipitation and their seasonality.

Ethno-linguistic distribution map of South Asia

Mumbai is the financial capital of India with GDP of $400 billion

GDP per capita development in South Asia

Durbar High School, oldest secondary school of Nepal, established in 1854 CE

College of Natural Resources, Royal University of Bhutan

IInstitute of Engineering, Pulchowk Campus, Nepal

Child getting vaccine in Bangladesh under the Expanded Programme on Immunization (EPI)

A weekly child examination performed at a hospital in Farah, Afghanistan

The region consists of the countries of Afghanistan, Bangladesh, Bhutan, India, Maldives, Nepal, Pakistan, and Sri Lanka.;

Islam came as a political power in the fringe of South Asia in 8th century CE when the Arab general Muhammad bin Qasim conquered Sindh, and Multan in Southern Punjab, in modern-day Pakistan.

It is the peninsular region south of the Himalayas and Kuen Lun mountain ranges and east of the Indus River and the Iranian Plateau, extending southward into the Indian Ocean between the Arabian Sea (to the southwest) and the Bay of Bengal (to the southeast).

Pataliputra Palace capital, showing Greek and Persian influence, early Mauryan Empire period, 3rd century BC.

Indo-Greek Kingdom

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Kandahar Bilingual Rock Inscription (Greek and Aramaic) by king Ashoka, from Kandahar, Afghanistan.

According to the Mahavamsa, the Great Stupa in Anuradhapura, Sri Lanka, was dedicated by a 30,000-strong "Yona" (Greek) delegation from "Alexandria" around 130 BC.

Greco-Bactrian statue of an old man or philosopher, Ai Khanoum, Bactria, 2nd century BC

Corinthian capital, found at Ai-Khanoum, 2nd century BC

Coin depicting the Greco-Bactrian king Euthydemus 230–200 BC. The Greek inscription reads: ΒΑΣΙΛΕΩΣ ΕΥΘΥΔΗΜΟΥ – "(of) King Euthydemus".

Possible statuette of a Greek soldier, wearing a version of the Greek Phrygian helmet, from a 3rd-century BC burial site north of the Tian Shan, Xinjiang Region Museum, Urumqi.

Greco-Bactria and the city of Ai-Khanoum were located at the very doorstep of Mauryan India.

The Khalsi rock edict of Ashoka, which mentions the Greek kings Antiochus, Ptolemy, Antigonus, Magas and Alexander by name, as recipients of his teachings.

Apollodotus I (180–160 BC) the first king who ruled in the subcontinent only, and therefore the founder of the proper Indo-Greek kingdom.

Silver coin depicting Demetrius I of Bactria (reigned c. 200–180 BC), wearing an elephant scalp, symbol of his conquests of areas in what is now Afghanistan and Pakistan.

The coinage of Agathocles (circa 180 BC) incorporated the Brahmi script and several deities from India, which have been variously interpreted as Vishnu, Shiva, Vasudeva, Balarama or the Buddha.

Kharoshthi legend on the reverse of a coin of Indo-Greek king Artemidoros Aniketos.

Menander I (155–130 BC) is one of the few Indo-Greek kings mentioned in both Graeco-Roman and Indian sources.

The Shinkot casket containing Buddhist relics was dedicated "in the reign of the Great King Menander".

Indian-standard coinage of Menander I. Obv ΒΑΣΙΛΕΩΣ ΣΩΤΗΡΟΣ ΜΕΝΑΝΔΡΟΥ "Of Saviour King Menander". Rev Palm of victory, Kharoshthi legend Māhārajasa trātadasa Menandrāsa, British Museum.

King Hippostratos riding a horse, circa 100 BC (coin detail).

The Yavanarajya inscription discovered in Mathura, mentions its carving on "The last day of year 116 of Yavana hegemony" (Yavanarajya), or 116th year if the Yavana era, suggesting the Greeks ruled over Mathura as late as 60 BC. Mathura Museum.

The Mathura Herakles. A statue of Herakles strangling the Nemean lion from Mathura. Today in the Kolkota Indian Museum.

Possible statue of a Yavana/ Indo-Greek warrior with boots and chiton, from the Rani Gumpha or "Cave of the Queen" in the Udayagiri Caves on the east coast of India, where the Hathigumpha inscription was also found. 2nd or 1st century BC.

Heliocles (145–130 BC) was the last Greek king in Bactria.

Coin of Zoilos I (130–120 BC) showing on the reverse the Heraklean club with the Scythian bow, inside a victory wreath.

The Heliodorus pillar, commissioned by Indo-Greek ambassador Heliodorus, is the first known inscription related to Vaishnavism in India. Heliodurus was one of the earliest recorded Indo-Greek converts to Hinduism.

Heliodorus travelled from Taxila to Vidisha as an ambassador of king Antialkidas, and erected the Heliodorus pillar.

The Bharhut Yavana, a possible Indian depiction of Menander, with the flowing head band of a Greek king, northern tunic with Hellenistic pleats, and Buddhist triratana symbol on his sword. Bharhut, 100 BC. Indian Museum, Calcutta.

At Bharhut, the gateways were made by northwestern (probably Gandharan) masons using Kharosthi marks 100-75 BC.

the Kharosthi letters were found on the balusters

Foreigners on the Northern Gateway of Stupa I at Sanchi.

Hermaeus (90–70 BC) was the last Indo-Greek king in the Western territories (Paropamisadae).

Hermaeus posthumous issue struck by Indo-Scythians near Kabul, circa 80–75 BC.

Tetradrachm of Hippostratos, reigned circa 65–55 BC, was the last Indo-Greek king in Western Punjab.

Hippostratos was replaced by the Indo-Scythian king Azes I (r. c. 35–12 BC).

Approximate region of East Punjab and Strato II's capital Sagala.

The last known Indo-Greek kings Strato II and Strato III, here on a joint coin (25 BC-10 AD), were the last Indo-Greek king in eartern territories of Eastern Punjab.

Pillar of the Great Chaitya at Karla Caves, mentioning its donation by a Yavana. Below: detail of the word "Ya-va-na-sa" in old Brahmi script: Brahmi y 2nd century CE.jpgBrahmi v 2nd century CE.gifBrahmi n.svgBrahmi s.svg, circa AD 120.

The Buddhist symbols of the triratna and of the swastika (reversed) around the word "Ya-va-ṇa-sa" in Brahmi (Brahmi y 2nd century CE.jpg Brahmi v 2nd century CE.gif Brahmi nn.svg Brahmi s.svg). Shivneri Caves 1st century AD.

Statue with inscription mentioning "year 318", probably of the Yavana era, i.e. AD 143.

Piedestal of the Hashtnagar Buddha statue, with Year 384 inscription, probably of the Yavana era, i.e. AD 209.

Evolution of Zeus Nikephoros ("Zeus holding Nike") on Indo-Greek coinage: from the Classical motif of Nike handing the wreath of victory to Zeus himself (left, coin of Heliocles I 145–130 BC), then to a baby elephant (middle, coin of Antialcidas 115–95 BC), and then to the Wheel of the Law, symbol of Buddhism (right, coin of Menander II 90–85 BC).

Indo-Corinthian capital representing a man wearing a Graeco-Roman-style coat with fibula, and making a blessing gesture. Butkara Stupa, National Museum of Oriental Art, Rome.

Evolution of the Butkara stupa, a large part of which occurred during the Indo-Greek period, through the addition of Hellenistic architectural elements.

Coin of Menander II (90–85 BC). "King Menander, follower of the Dharma" in Kharoshthi script, with Zeus holding Nike, who holds a victory wreath over an Eight-spoked wheel.

Greek Buddhist devotees, holding plantain leaves, in purely Hellenistic style, inside Corinthian columns, Buner relief, Victoria and Albert Museum.

Hellenistic culture in the Indian subcontinent: Greek clothes, amphoras, wine and music (Detail of Chakhil-i-Ghoundi stupa, Hadda, Gandhara, 1st century AD).

Intaglio gems engraved in the northwest of India (2nd century BCE-2nd century CE).

Seated Buddha, Gandhara, 2nd century (Ostasiatisches Museum, Berlin)

Stone palette depicting a mythological scene, 2nd–1st century BC.

Cupro-nickel coins of king Pantaleon point to a Chinese origin of the metal.

Athena in the art of Gandhara, displayed at the Lahore Museum, Pakistan

Strato I in combat gear, making a blessing gesture, circa 100 BC.

The Indo-Scythian Taxila copper plate uses the Macedonian month of "Panemos" for calendrical purposes (British Museum).

Hellenistic couple from Taxila (Guimet Museum)

The story of the Trojan horse was depicted in the art of Gandhara. (British Museum).

Foreigner on a horse. The medallions are dated circa 115 BC.

Lakshmi with lotus and two child attendants, probably derived from [[:File:Venus with two cupids 2.jpg|similar images of Venus]]<ref>An Indian Statuette From Pompeii, Mirella Levi D'Ancona, in Artibus Asiae, Vol. 13, No. 3 (1950) p. 171</ref>

Lotus within Hellenistic beads and reels motif.

Philoxenus (c. 100 BC), unarmed, making a blessing gesture.

Various blessing gestures: divinities (top), kings (bottom).

The Indo-Greek Kingdom, or Graeco-Indian Kingdom, also known historically as the Yavana Kingdom (Yavanarajya), was a Hellenistic-era Greek kingdom covering various parts of Afghanistan and the northwest regions of the Indian subcontinent, (virtually all of modern Pakistan).

In 305 BC, Seleucus I led an army to the Indus, where he encountered Chandragupta.

According to Apollodorus of Artemita, quoted by Strabo, the Indo-Greek territory for a while included the Indian coastal provinces of Sindh and possibly Gujarat.

Hyderabad, Sindh

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Pacco Qillo was built on a limestone outcropping known as Ganjo Takkar.

The Tombs of Talpur Mirs date from the 18th century.

Hyderabad's Badshahi Bungalow was built as the palace of Prince Mir Hassan Ali Khan Talpur in 1863.

Hyderabad in the late 1800s. The triangular structures on the rooftops are wind catchers, funneling cool breezes into homes below.

A Sindhi woman on the banks of the River Indus in the outskirts of Hyderabad

Not all buildings in Hyderabad are historic

Hyderabad Junction railway station serves as the city's main rail station.

Hasrat Mohani Library, a public library in Hyderabad

Hyderabad (Sindhi and ; ) is a city and capital of Hyderabad Division in the Sindh province of Pakistan.

The River Indus was changing course around 1757, resulting in periodic floods of the then capital of the Kalhora dynasty, Khudabad.

Pashtuns

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Iranian ethnic group who are native to Central Asia and South Asia.

A Pashtun Tribesmen in Kurram, c. 1894 CE

Tents of Afghan nomads in Badghis Province who are known in Pashto language as Kuchian. They migrate from region to region depending on the season (transhumance).

The Arachosia Satrapy and the Pactyan people during the Achaemenid Empire in 500 BCE

Pactyans, present day Pashtunistan. The Oriental Empires about 600 B.C., Historical Atlas by William Shepherd (1923-26)

Heads of two males, discovered in Hadda (Pashto: هډه) 10km south of Jalalabad, Afghanistan. Dated 3-4th century CE.

Bactrian document in the Greek script from the 4th century mentioning the word Afghan (αβγανανο): "To Ormuzd Bunukan from Bredag Watanan, the chief of the Afghans"

Afghan Amir Sher Ali Khan (in the center with his son) and his delegation in Ambala, near Lahore, in 1869

Leader of the non-violent Khudai Khidmatgar, also referred to as "the Red shirts" movement, Bacha Khan, standing with Mohandas Gandhi

Malala Yousafzai, a Pashtana, recipient of 2014 Nobel Peace Prize

American diplomat Zalmay Khalilzad with Taliban officials Abdul Ghani Baradar, Abdul Hakim Ishaqzai, Sher Mohammad Abbas Stanikzai and Suhail Shaheen

President Hamid Karzai and Abdul Rahim Wardak

From left to right: Ashraf Ghani Ahmadzai; Anwar ul-Haq Ahady; and Abdullah Abdullah

Imran Khan, Pakistani cricketer-turned-politician and former Prime Minister, belongs to the Niazi tribe.

Pashtun-inhabited areas of Pakistan and Afghanistan (green) in 1980

Ethnolinguistic groups in Pakistan and Afghanistan in 1982

Pashtun female festive dress in Faryab, Afghanistan

Khattak dance involves running and whirling. It is mainly performed in and around the Peshawar area of Pakistan.

Mahmud Tarzi, son of Ghulam Muhammad Tarzi, became the pioneer of Afghan journalism for publishing the first newspaper Seraj al Akhbar.

Shahid Afridi, former captain of the Pakistan national cricket team

The Bodhisattva and Chandeka, Hadda, 5th century CE

The Friday Mosque in Kandahar. Adjacent to it is the Shrine of the Cloak(also known as Kirka Sharif), and the tomb of Ahmad Shah Durrani, the 18th century Pashtun conqueror who became the founding father of Afghanistan.

Men doing Islamic salat (praying) outside in the open in the Kunar Province of Afghanistan

Two Pashtane (Pashtun women) from Kuch i tribe pictured in 1967 on the Helmand river (د هلمند سيند)

Zarine Khan, Indian model and actress in Bollywood films

Malala Yousafzai, Pakistani activist for female education and the 2014 Nobel Peace Prize laureate

Madhubala, Indian Bollywood actress and producer

The Pashtun people are indigenous to a historical region known as Pashtunistan, which stretches across southern Afghanistan and northwestern Pakistan and hosts the majority of their global population.

Significant and historical communities of the Pashtun diaspora exist in the Pakistani provinces of Sindh and Punjab, particularly in the cities of Karachi and Lahore; and in Rohilkhand, a region in northern India, as well as in major Indian cities such as Delhi and Mumbai.

The majority of Pashtuns are found in the native Pashtun homeland, located south of the Hindu Kush which is in Afghanistan and west of the Indus River in Pakistan, principally around the Sulaiman Mountains.