A report on Information theory

A picture showing scratches on the readable surface of a CD-R. Music and data CDs are coded using error correcting codes and thus can still be read even if they have minor scratches using error detection and correction.

Scientific study of the quantification, storage, and communication of digital information.

- Information theory
A picture showing scratches on the readable surface of a CD-R. Music and data CDs are coded using error correcting codes and thus can still be read even if they have minor scratches using error detection and correction.

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Claude Shannon

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The Minivac 601, a digital computer trainer designed by Shannon.
Shannon and his electromechanical mouse Theseus (named after Theseus from Greek mythology) which he tried to have solve the maze in one of the first experiments in artificial intelligence.
Claude Shannon centenary

Claude Elwood Shannon (April 30, 1916 – February 24, 2001) was an American mathematician, electrical engineer, and cryptographer known as a "father of information theory".

Two bits of entropy: In the case of two fair coin tosses, the information entropy in bits is the base-2 logarithm of the number of possible outcomes; with two coins there are four possible outcomes, and two bits of entropy. Generally, information entropy is the average amount of information conveyed by an event, when considering all possible outcomes.

Entropy (information theory)

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Two bits of entropy: In the case of two fair coin tosses, the information entropy in bits is the base-2 logarithm of the number of possible outcomes; with two coins there are four possible outcomes, and two bits of entropy. Generally, information entropy is the average amount of information conveyed by an event, when considering all possible outcomes.

In information theory, the entropy of a random variable is the average level of "information", "surprise", or "uncertainty" inherent to the variable's possible outcomes.

To clean up transmission errors introduced by Earth's atmosphere (left), Goddard scientists applied Reed–Solomon error correction (right), which is commonly used in CDs and DVDs. Typical errors include missing pixels (white) and false signals (black). The white stripe indicates a brief period when transmission was interrupted.

Error detection and correction

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To clean up transmission errors introduced by Earth's atmosphere (left), Goddard scientists applied Reed–Solomon error correction (right), which is commonly used in CDs and DVDs. Typical errors include missing pixels (white) and false signals (black). The white stripe indicates a brief period when transmission was interrupted.

In information theory and coding theory with applications in computer science and telecommunication, error detection and correction (EDAC) or error control are techniques that enable reliable delivery of digital data over unreliable communication channels.

Comparison of spectrograms of audio in an uncompressed format and several lossy formats. The lossy spectrograms show bandlimiting of higher frequencies, a common technique associated with lossy audio compression.

Data compression

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Comparison of spectrograms of audio in an uncompressed format and several lossy formats. The lossy spectrograms show bandlimiting of higher frequencies, a common technique associated with lossy audio compression.
Solidyne 922: The world's first commercial audio bit compression sound card for PC, 1990
Processing stages of a typical video encoder

In information theory, data compression, source coding, or bit-rate reduction is the process of encoding information using fewer bits than the original representation.

Bell Labs

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Nokia Bell Labs, originally named Bell Telephone Laboratories (1925–1984),

Nokia Bell Labs, originally named Bell Telephone Laboratories (1925–1984),

Bell's 1893 Volta Bureau building in Washington, D.C.
The original home of Bell Laboratories beginning in 1925, 463 West Street, New York.
Old Bell Labs Holmdel Complex. Located in New Jersey, about 20 miles south of New York.
Bell Laboratories logo, used from 1969 until 1983
Reconstruction of the directional antenna used in the discovery of radio emission of extraterrestrial origin by Karl Guthe Jansky at Bell Telephone Laboratories in 1932
The first transistor, a point-contact germanium device, was invented at Bell Laboratories in 1947. This image shows a replica.
The charge-coupled device was invented by George E. Smith and Willard Boyle
The C programming language was developed in 1972.
Bell Laboratories logo, used from 1984 until 1995
Lucent Logo bearing the "Bell Labs Innovations" tagline
Pre-2013 logo of Alcatel-Lucent, parent company of Bell Labs
Nokia Bell Labs entrance sign at New Jersey headquarters in 2016

Researchers working at Bell Laboratories are credited with the development of radio astronomy, the transistor, the laser, the photovoltaic cell, the charge-coupled device (CCD), information theory, the Unix operating system, and the programming languages B, C, C++, S, SNOBOL, AWK, AMPL, and others.

Partial map of the Internet, with nodes representing IP addresses

Information

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That portion of the content of a signal or message which conveys meaning.

That portion of the content of a signal or message which conveys meaning.

Partial map of the Internet, with nodes representing IP addresses
Galactic (including dark) matter distribution in a cubic section of the Universe
Information embedded in an abstract mathematical object with symmetry breaking nucleus
Visual representation of a strange attractor, with converted data of its fractal structure

Information theory takes advantage of this by concluding that more uncertain events require more information to resolve their uncertainty.

Charles Babbage, sometimes referred to as the "father of computing".

Computer science

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Study of computation, automation, and information.

Study of computation, automation, and information.

Charles Babbage, sometimes referred to as the "father of computing".
Ada Lovelace published the first algorithm intended for processing on a computer.

Computer science spans theoretical disciplines (such as algorithms, theory of computation, information theory and automation) to practical disciplines (including the design and implementation of hardware and software).

Noisy-channel coding theorem

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In information theory, the noisy-channel coding theorem (sometimes Shannon's theorem or Shannon's limit), establishes that for any given degree of noise contamination of a communication channel, it is possible to communicate discrete data (digital information) nearly error-free up to a computable maximum rate through the channel.

Redundancy (information theory)

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In information theory, redundancy measures the fractional difference between the entropy H(X) of an ensemble X, and its maximum possible value }} Informally, it is the amount of wasted "space" used to transmit certain data.

Channel capacity

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Channel capacity, in electrical engineering, computer science, and information theory, is the tight upper bound on the rate at which information can be reliably transmitted over a communication channel.