A report on Mongolia, Mongolic languages and Inner Mongolia

Pre-Proto-Mongolic's position on the chronological tree of Mongolic language

Persian miniature depicting Genghis Khan entering Beijing

The Northern Yuan at its greatest extent

Mongolia plateau during early 17th century

7th-century artifacts found 180 km from Ulaanbaatar.

Inner Mongolia and Outer Mongolia within the Qing dynasty, c. 1820

Mongol Empire expansion (1206 till 1294)

This map shows the boundary of the 13th-century Mongol Empire compared to today's Mongols. The red area shows where the majority of Mongolian speakers reside today.

Delegates of Inner Mongolia People's Congress shouting slogans

Altan Khan (1507–1582) founded the city of Hohhot, helped introduce Buddhism and originated the title of Dalai Lama

Winter in Ulanbutan Grassland, Hexigten Banner

The eighth Jebtsundamba Khutuktu, Bogd Khaan

Khorloogiin Choibalsan led Mongolia during the Stalinist era and presided over an environment of intense political persecution

Mongolian troops fight against the Japanese counterattack at Khalkhin Gol, 1939

A KFC in Hohhot, the capital, with a bilingual street sign in Chinese and Mongolian

Mongolian Premier Yumjaagiin Tsedenbal was the longest-serving leader in the Soviet Bloc, with over 44 years in office

The southern portion of Mongolia is taken up by the Gobi Desert, while the northern and western portions are mountainous.

Temple of the White Sulde of Genghis Khan in the town of Uxin in Inner Mongolia, in the Mu Us Desert. The worship of Genghis is shared by Chinese and Mongolian folk religion.

Mongolia map of Köppen climate classification zones.

Sign of the Jiuquan Satellite Launch Center

The Khentii Mountains in Terelj, close to the birthplace of Genghis Khan.

Jade dragon of the Hongshan culture (4700 BC – 2900 BC) found in Ongniud, Chifeng

Bactrian camels by sand dunes in Gobi Desert.

Ulaanbaatar is the capital and largest city of Mongolia

Honorary tomb of Wang Zhaojun (born c. 50BC) in Hohhot

In settlements, many families live in ger districts

Fresco from the Liao dynasty (907–1125) tomb at Baoshan, Ar Horqin

Khitan people cooking. Fresco from the Liao dynasty (907–1125) tomb at Aohan

Remains of the city Khara-Khoto built in 1032. Located in Ejin Khoshuu, Alxa Aimag

Mongolia's President Tsakhia Elbegdorj with U.S. Secretary of State John Kerry, June 2016

Maidari Juu temple fortress ({{zh|labels=no |c=美岱召 |p=měidài zhào}}) built by Altan Khan in 1575 near Baotou

Mongolia's President Khaltmaagiin Battulga and Vladimir Putin in Vladivostok, September 2017

Newly built arch in front of the Maidari Juu temple fortress (1575)

Mongolian, Chinese and Russian national flags set on armored vehicles during the large-scale military exercise Vostok 2018 in Eastern Siberia

Da Zhao temple (also called Ikh Zuu) built by Altan Khan in 1579

Historical development of real GDP per capita in Mongolia

Badekar Monastery (1749) near Baotou, Inner Mongolia. Called Badgar Zuu in Mongolian

A proportional representation of Mongolia exports, 2019

View of Ulaanbaatar with the Blue Sky Tower

Badain Jaran temple (1868) in western Inner Mongolia

Oyu Tolgoi employs 18,000 workers and expects to be producing 450,000 tonnes of copper a year by 2020

Train in Zamyn-Üüd station in Dornogovi aimag

While the Mongolian horse continues to be revered as the national symbol, they are rapidly being replaced by motorized vehicles.

Mongolian ferry Sukhbaatar on Lake Khovsgol in Khovsgol Province

Alxa Western Monastery (Alshaa Baruun Hiid) built in 1756

A ger in front of the Gurvan Saikhan Mountains

Musician playing the traditional Mongolian musical instrument morin khuur

Mongolian media interviewing the opposition Mongolian Green Party in 2008. The media has gained significant freedoms since democratic reforms initiated in the 1990s.

Naadam is the largest summer celebration.

The Mongolic languages are a language family spoken by the Mongolic peoples in Eastern Europe, Central Asia, North Asia and East Asia, mostly in Mongolia and surrounding areas and in Kalmykia and Buryatia.

- Mongolic languages

The best-known member of this language family, Mongolian, is the primary language of most of the residents of Mongolia and the Mongol residents of Inner Mongolia, with an estimated 5.7+ million speakers.

- Mongolic languages

Its border includes most of the length of China's border with the country of Mongolia.

- Inner Mongolia

In the thirteenth century, the word Mongol grew into an umbrella term for a large group of Mongolic-speaking tribes united under the rule of Genghis Khan.

- Mongolia

By 1636 most Inner Mongolian tribes had submitted to the Manchus, who founded the Qing dynasty.

- Mongolia

Mongols in Inner Mongolia speak Mongolian dialects such as Chakhar, Xilingol, Baarin, Khorchin and Kharchin Mongolian and, depending on definition and analysis, further dialects or closely related independent Central Mongolic languages such as Ordos, Khamnigan, Barghu Buryat and the arguably Oirat dialect Alasha.

- Inner Mongolia

6 related topics with Alpha

Mongolian script and Mongolian Cyrillic on Sukhbaatar's statue in Ulaanbaatar

Mongolian language

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Modern Mongolian's place on the chronological tree of Mongolic languages

Nova N 176 found in Kyrgyzstan. The manuscript (dating to the 12th century Western Liao) is written in the Mongolic Khitan language using cursive Khitan large script. It has 127 leaves and 15,000 characters.

Edict of Yesün Temür Khan, Emperor Taiding of Yuan (1328). Only the 'Phags-pa script retains the complete Middle Mongol vowel system.

The Secret History of the Mongols which goes back to a lost Mongolian script original is the only document that allows the reconstruction of agreement in social gender in Middle Mongol.

Mongolian is the official language of Mongolia and both the most widely spoken and most-known member of the Mongolic language family.

The number of speakers across all its dialects may be 5.2 million, including the vast majority of the residents of Mongolia and many of the ethnic Mongol residents of the Inner Mongolia Autonomous Region of the People's Republic of China.

Image of a Mongolian lady (incorrectly identified as Genepil, Queen consort of Mongolia )

Mongols

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Asia in 500, showing the Rouran Khaganate and its neighbors, including the Northern Wei and the Tuyuhun Khanate, all of them were established by Proto-Mongols

A portrait of Kublai Khan by Araniko (1245–1306)

The Northern Yuan dynasty and Turco-Mongol residual states and domains by the 15th century

Map showing wars between Qing Dynasty and Dzungar Khanate

A Dzungar soldier called Ayusi from the high Qing era, by Giuseppe Castiglione, 1755

The Battle of Oroi-Jalatu in 1755 between the Qing (that ruled China at the time) and Mongol Dzungar armies. The fall of the Dzungar Khanate

Khorloogiin Choibalsan, leader of the Mongolian People's Republic (left), and Georgy Zhukov consult during the Battle of Khalkhin Gol against Japanese troops, 1939

World War II Zaisan Memorial, Ulaan Baatar, from the People's Republic of Mongolia era.

Mongolian President Tsakhiagiin Elbegdorj (right)

Chronological tree of the Mongolic languages

Timur of Mongolic origin himself had converted almost all the Borjigin leaders to Islam.

Mongols grazing livestock, by Roy Chapman Andrews photographs in 1921

The Mughal Emperor Babur and his heir Humayun. The word Mughal is derived from the Persian word for Mongol.

This map shows the boundary of the 13th-century Mongol Empire and location of today's Mongols in modern Mongolia, Russia and China.

Strong Mongol men at August games. Photo by Wm. Purdom, 1909

Mongol Empress Zayaat (Jiyatu), wife of Kulug Khan (1281–1311)

Genghis' son Tolui with Queen Sorgaqtani

Mongol soldiers by Rashid al-Din, BnF. MS. Supplément Persan 1113. 1430-1434 AD.

Kalmyk Mongol girl Annushka (painted in 1767)

Dolgorsürengiin Dagvadorj became the first Mongol to reach sumo's highest rank.

Mongol women archers during Naadam festival

Daur Mongol Empress Wanrong (1906–1946), also had Borjigin blood on maternal side.

The Mongols (Монголчууд,, Moŋğolçuud, ; ; Монголы) are an East Asian ethnic group native to Mongolia, Inner Mongolia in China and the Buryatia Republic of the Russian Federation.

In the thirteenth century, the word Mongol grew into an umbrella term for a large group of Mongolic-speaking tribes united under the rule of Genghis Khan.

Xiongnu

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The Xiongnu were a tribal confederation of nomadic peoples who, according to ancient Chinese sources, inhabited the eastern Eurasian Steppe from the 3rd century BC to the late 1st century AD. Chinese sources report that Modu Chanyu, the supreme leader after 209 BC, founded the Xiongnu Empire.

Asia in 200 BC, showing the early Xiongnu state and its neighbors

Plaque in the shape of a grazing kulan (wild ass), 2nd–1st century BC, Northwest China, Xiongnu culture.

A traveling nomad family led by a man in belted jacket and trousers, pulling a nomadic cart. Belt Buckle, Mongolia or southern Siberia, dated to 2nd-1st century BC (Xiongnu period).

Xiongnu among other people in Asia around 1 AD.

Bronze seal of a Xiongnu chief, conferred by the Eastern Han government. Inscribed 漢匈奴/歸義親/漢長 ("The Chief of the Han Xiongnu, who have returned to righteousness and embraced the Han"). Seal, impression, and transcription in standard characters.

Belt hook depicting an animal fight, Xiongnu, 200-100 BC, bronze. Östasiatiska museet, Stockholm.

Southern and Northern Xiongnu in 200 AD, before the collapse of the Han Dynasty.

Location of Xiongnu and other steppe nations in 300 AD.

An embroidered rug from the Xiongnu Noin-Ula burial site. This luxury item was imported from Bactria, and is thought to represent Yuezhi figures.

Belt plaque in the shape of a kneeling horse, 3rd-1st century BCE, gilded silver, made in North China for Xiongnu patrons.

Belt Buckle, 2nd-1st century BCE, Xiongnu. Another naturalistic belt buckle made to the Xiongnu taste, showing a mounted warrior frontally, holding a dagger and grabbing the hair of a demon who is also attacked by a dog. Also appears a nomadic cart pulled by reindeers, and another dog on top of the cart.

Xiongnu Leather Robe, Han period, Henan Provincial Museum, Zhengzhou

Belt plaque with design of wrestling men, Ordos region and western part of North China, 2nd century BC, bronze - Ethnological Museum, Berlin.

Belt buckle with three Ibexes, 2nd-1st century BC, Xiongnu. Chinese foundries made bronze belt plaques to the taste of the Xiongnu, who preferred designs of real animals in naturalistic settings. These plaques have typically been excavated in Xiongnu tombs of the 1st century BC.

Belt buckle with animal combat scene, 2nd-1st century BCE, made in North China for the Xiongnu. These plates were inspired by the art of the steppes, but the design was flattened and compressed within the frame.

Belt Buckle with nomadic-inspired zoomorphic design, manufactured in China for the Xiongnu. Mercury-gilded bronze (a Chinese technique). North China, 3rd-2nd century BC.

2nd century BC – 2nd century AD characters of Xiongnu-Xianbei script (Mongolia and Inner Mongolia).{{sfn|Ishjamts|1996|p=166, Fig 5}}

"Pastoralist expansion into Mongolia ca. 3000 BCE, and by the Late Bronze Age, Mongolian populations were biogeographically structured into three distinct groups, all practicing dairy pastoralism regardless of ancestry. The Xiongnu emerged from the mixing of these populations and those from surrounding regions".

Uniparental haplogroup assignments by group and sex-bias "z" scores of Xiongnu.

The Xiongnu were also active in areas now part of Siberia, Inner Mongolia, Gansu and Xinjiang.

Other linguistic links—all of them also controversial—proposed by scholars include Iranian, Mongolic, Turkic, Uralic, Yeniseian, or multi-ethnic.

A Scythian culture, it was identified by excavated artifacts and mummified humans, such as the Siberian Ice Princess, found in the Siberian permafrost, in the Altay Mountains, Kazakhstan and nearby Mongolia.

Xianbei

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Figure of a Xianbei warrior from the Northern Dynasties (286–581 AD) era. The figure wear a covered "wind hat", trousers, short upper tunic and a cape tied around the neck, designed to protect against the wind and dust.

Xianbei musician, tomb of Sima Jinlong, 484 CE.

Painting of the Tuoba-Xianbei Northern Zhou general Li Xian (504-569 CE).

The Xianbei were a Proto-Mongolic ancient nomadic people that once resided in the eastern Eurasian steppes in what is today Mongolia, Inner Mongolia, and Northeastern China.

On the one hand, *Särpi may be linked to Mongolic root *ser ~*sir which means "crest, bristle, sticking out, projecting, etc."

Buryat language

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Buryat, or Buriat (Buryat Cyrillic: буряад хэлэн, buryaad xelen, ), known in foreign sources as the Bargu-Buryat dialect of Mongolian, and in pre-1956 Soviet sources as Buryat-Mongolian, is a variety of the Mongolic languages spoken by the Buryats and Bargas that is classified either as a language or major dialect group of Mongolian.

The majority of Buryat speakers live in Russia along the northern border of Mongolia where it is an official language in the Buryat Republic and was an official language in the former Ust-Orda Buryatia and Aga Buryatia autonomous okrugs.

There are at least 100,000 ethnic Buryats in Mongolia and Inner Mongolia, China, as well.

An Oirat manuscript in "clear script" (todo bichig)

Oirat language

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Oirat (Clear script:, Oirad kelen, ; Kalmyk: Өөрд, Őrd; Khalkha Mongolian: Ойрад, Oirad) is a Mongolic language spoken by the descendants of Oirat Mongols, now forming parts of Mongols in China, Kalmyks in Russia and Mongolians.

Oirat-speaking areas are scattered across the far west of Mongolia, the northwest of China and Russia's Caspian coast, where its major variety is Kalmyk.

The Alasha dialect in Alxa League in Inner Mongolia originally belonged to Oirat and has been classified as such by some because of its phonology.