A report on Mongolia and Inner Mongolia

Persian miniature depicting Genghis Khan entering Beijing
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The Northern Yuan at its greatest extent
Mongolia plateau during early 17th century
7th-century artifacts found 180 km from Ulaanbaatar.
Inner Mongolia and Outer Mongolia within the Qing dynasty, c. 1820
Mongol Empire expansion (1206 till 1294)
Mongols stand in front of a yurt, 1912
This map shows the boundary of the 13th-century Mongol Empire compared to today's Mongols. The red area shows where the majority of Mongolian speakers reside today.
Delegates of Inner Mongolia People's Congress shouting slogans
The Northern Yuan at its greatest extent.
Inner Mongolian steppes
Genghis Khan the first Mongol Emperor
Topography of Inner Mongolia in China
Altan Khan (1507–1582) founded the city of Hohhot, helped introduce Buddhism and originated the title of Dalai Lama
Winter in Ulanbutan Grassland, Hexigten Banner
The eighth Jebtsundamba Khutuktu, Bogd Khaan
Theater in Hohhot
Map of unified Mongolia in 1917
Inner Mongolia Gymnasium
Khorloogiin Choibalsan led Mongolia during the Stalinist era and presided over an environment of intense political persecution
Muslim-themed Street in Hohhot
Mongolian troops fight against the Japanese counterattack at Khalkhin Gol, 1939
A KFC in Hohhot, the capital, with a bilingual street sign in Chinese and Mongolian
Mongolian Premier Yumjaagiin Tsedenbal was the longest-serving leader in the Soviet Bloc, with over 44 years in office
Inner Mongolian carpet c. 1870
The southern portion of Mongolia is taken up by the Gobi Desert, while the northern and western portions are mountainous.
Temple of the White Sulde of Genghis Khan in the town of Uxin in Inner Mongolia, in the Mu Us Desert. The worship of Genghis is shared by Chinese and Mongolian folk religion.
Mongolia map of Köppen climate classification zones.
Sign of the Jiuquan Satellite Launch Center
The Khentii Mountains in Terelj, close to the birthplace of Genghis Khan.
Jade dragon of the Hongshan culture (4700 BC – 2900 BC) found in Ongniud, Chifeng
Bactrian camels by sand dunes in Gobi Desert.
Ulaanbutan grassland
Mongolian steppe
Inner Mongolian grassland
Ulaanbaatar is the capital and largest city of Mongolia
Honorary tomb of Wang Zhaojun (born c. 50BC) in Hohhot
In settlements, many families live in ger districts
Fresco from the Liao dynasty (907–1125) tomb at Baoshan, Ar Horqin
Amarbayasgalant Monastery
Khitan people cooking. Fresco from the Liao dynasty (907–1125) tomb at Aohan
State Great Khural chamber in session
Remains of the city Khara-Khoto built in 1032. Located in Ejin Khoshuu, Alxa Aimag
Mongolia's President Tsakhia Elbegdorj with U.S. Secretary of State John Kerry, June 2016
Maidari Juu temple fortress ({{zh|labels=no |c=美岱召 |p=měidài zhào}}) built by Altan Khan in 1575 near Baotou
Mongolia's President Khaltmaagiin Battulga and Vladimir Putin in Vladivostok, September 2017
Newly built arch in front of the Maidari Juu temple fortress (1575)
Mongolian, Chinese and Russian national flags set on armored vehicles during the large-scale military exercise Vostok 2018 in Eastern Siberia
Da Zhao temple (also called Ikh Zuu) built by Altan Khan in 1579
Historical development of real GDP per capita in Mongolia
Badekar Monastery (1749) near Baotou, Inner Mongolia. Called Badgar Zuu in Mongolian
A proportional representation of Mongolia exports, 2019
Five Pagoda temple (1727) in Hohhot
View of Ulaanbaatar with the Blue Sky Tower
Badain Jaran temple (1868) in western Inner Mongolia
Oyu Tolgoi employs 18,000 workers and expects to be producing 450,000 tonnes of copper a year by 2020
Genghis Khan Mausoleum (1954)
Train in Zamyn-Üüd station in Dornogovi aimag
Genghis Khan Mausoleum (1954)
While the Mongolian horse continues to be revered as the national symbol, they are rapidly being replaced by motorized vehicles.
Alshaa mountain scenery
Mongolian ferry Sukhbaatar on Lake Khovsgol in Khovsgol Province
Alxa Western Monastery (Alshaa Baruun Hiid) built in 1756
A ger in front of the Gurvan Saikhan Mountains
Musician playing the traditional Mongolian musical instrument morin khuur
Mongolian media interviewing the opposition Mongolian Green Party in 2008. The media has gained significant freedoms since democratic reforms initiated in the 1990s.
Naadam is the largest summer celebration.
Riders during Naadam festival
Kazakh hunters in Mongolia with eagles
1236-1242 Mongol invasions of Europe

Its border includes most of the length of China's border with the country of Mongolia.

- Inner Mongolia

By 1636 most Inner Mongolian tribes had submitted to the Manchus, who founded the Qing dynasty.

- Mongolia

26 related topics with Alpha

Overall

Khitan people

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Khitan Chinese painting by Chen Juzhong (fl. 1195-1224)
Liao dynasty tomb relief of Khitans and their baggage cart
Liao dynasty in 1025
Khitan falconers in a painting by Chen Juzhong, early 13th c.
Khitan women, painted on wood
The Liao dynasty in 1111 AD.
The Qara Khitai empire in 1169 at its greatest extent
Khitan inscription dated 1058 (清寧四年) found in Dornogovi. Written in Khitan large script.
The Pagoda of Fogong Temple, built in 1056.
Yelü Bei
Horsemen
Horsemen at rest
Khitans holding wrapped up banners, maces, and drums
Khitan mace man
Halahaicheng tomb mural
Halahaicheng tomb mural
Halahaicheng tomb mural
Cooks
Hairstyle
Hunters
Boys and girls
Women
Women
Woman
Liao dynasty funerary mask and crown
Liao funerary mask and crown
Liao funerary mask and crown
Liao funerary mask and crown
Ming dynasty depiction of a Khitan

The Khitan people (Khitan small script: ; ) were a historical para-Mongolic nomadic people from Northeast Asia who, from the 4th century, inhabited an area corresponding to parts of modern Mongolia, Northeast China and the Russian Far East.

The man came from the Tu River (Lao Ha river in modern-day Jilin, Manchuria) and the woman from the Huang River (modern day Xar Moron river in Inner Mongolia).

Ming dynasty and the Northern Yuan in the early 15th century. The Mongols lost some lands in China proper after the Ming defeated Tögüs Temür in 1388.

Northern Yuan

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Dynastic regime ruled by the Mongol Borjigin clan based in the Mongolian Plateau.

Dynastic regime ruled by the Mongol Borjigin clan based in the Mongolian Plateau.

Ming dynasty and the Northern Yuan in the early 15th century. The Mongols lost some lands in China proper after the Ming defeated Tögüs Temür in 1388.
Location of the Oirats
The tumens of the Mongolian Plateau and relict states of the Mongol Empire by 1500
Realm of Altan Khan in 1571
Temple at Erdene Zuu monastery established by Abtai Khan in the Khalkha heartland in the 16th century.
The White House of Tsogt Taij (White Castle) was built in 1601.
Major Mongol and Jurchen rulers prior to the Jurchen unification
Chahar-Jurchen War, 1619–1634
The various regimes on the Mongolian Plateau after the proclamation of Qing dynasty
Dzungar–Qing Wars, 1687–1757

1333–1370), the last ruler of the Yuan, fled north to Shangdu (located in present-day Inner Mongolia) from Dadu upon the approach of Ming forces.

In 1696, the Kangxi Emperor led 100,000 troops into Mongolia.

A Buryat wrestling match during the Altargana Festival

Buryats

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The Buryats (Буриад) are a Mongolian people numbering at 516,476, comprising one of the two largest indigenous groups in Siberia, the other being the Yakuts.

The Buryats (Буриад) are a Mongolian people numbering at 516,476, comprising one of the two largest indigenous groups in Siberia, the other being the Yakuts.

A Buryat wrestling match during the Altargana Festival
Mongol Empire circa 1207
Buryat-Mongol ASSR in 1925.
Buryat-Mongol ASSR in 1929.
Buryat Autonomous Soviet Socialist Republic in 1989
Map of autonomous Buryat territories (until 2008): Republic of Buryatia and autonomous okrugs of Aga Buryatia and Ust-Orda Buryatia
Traditional wooden hut of Buryatia
Traditional Buryat dress
Buryat shaman of Olkhon, Lake Baikal
Ivolginsky Datsan is a monastery complex consisting of seven Buddhist temples
Sagaalgan (from the Buryat language, meaning “White Month") is a Buddhist festival marking the beginning of the New Year and the coming of spring.
Buuz, a steamed meat dumpling, is probably the most iconic dish of Buryat cuisine
Buryat women
Mongol states in the 14th to 17th centuries.

Buryats also live in Ust-Orda Buryat Okrug (Irkutsk Oblast) to the west of Buryatia and Agin-Buryat Okrug (Zabaykalsky Krai) to the east of Buryatia as well as in northeastern Mongolia and in Inner Mongolia, China.

Mongolian Plateau

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Part of the Central Asian Plateau lying between 37°46′-53°08′N and 87°40′-122°15′E and having an area of approximately 3200000 km2.

Part of the Central Asian Plateau lying between 37°46′-53°08′N and 87°40′-122°15′E and having an area of approximately 3200000 km2.

Politically, the plateau spans all of Mongolia, along with parts of China and Russia.

Inner Mongolia and parts of the Dzungarian basin in Xinjiang encompass the Chinese portion of the plateau.

Portrait by artist Araniko, sling drawn shortly after Kublai's death in 1294. His white robes reflect his desired symbolic role as a religious Mongol shaman.

Kublai Khan

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The founder of the Yuan dynasty of China and the fifth khagan-emperor of the Mongol Empire from 1260 to 1294, although after the division of the empire this was a nominal position.

The founder of the Yuan dynasty of China and the fifth khagan-emperor of the Mongol Empire from 1260 to 1294, although after the division of the empire this was a nominal position.

Portrait by artist Araniko, sling drawn shortly after Kublai's death in 1294. His white robes reflect his desired symbolic role as a religious Mongol shaman.
Portrait of young Kublai by Araniko, a Nepali artist in Kublai's court
“The Emperor Kublai Khan in a tower carried by four elephants on the day of the battle“ French Engraving, 18th century.
Kublai Khan was chosen by his many supporters to become the next Great Khan at the Grand Kurultai in the year 1260. 
Kublai Khan and His Empress Enthroned, from a Jami al-Twarikh (or Chingiznama). Mughal dynasty, Reign of Akbar, 1596. Mughal Court. Opaque watercolor, ink, and gold on paper. India. Freer Gallery of Art. F1954.31
Painting of Kublai Khan on a hunting expedition, by Han Chinese court artist Liu Guandao, c. 1280.
Extract of the letter of Arghun to Philip IV of France, in the Mongolian script, dated 1289. French National Archives.
The Yuan Dynasty of China, c. 1294
Chinese opera flourished during Yuan China.
The "Muslim trebuchet" (or Huihui Pao) used to breach the walls of Fancheng and Xiangyang.
A Yuan dynasty hand cannon
Two dragons chasing a flaming pearl was a symbol associated with Goryeo.
The Gangnido reflects the Chinese geographical knowledge during the Mongol Empire about countries in the West.
The Japanese samurai Suenaga facing Mongol arrows and bombs. Mōko Shūrai Ekotoba (蒙古襲来絵詞), circa 1293.
Japanese samurai boarding Yuan ships in 1281.
Kublai gives financial support to the Polo family.
Rabban Bar Sauma, ambassador of Great Khan Kublai and Ilkhan Arghun, travelled from Dadu to Rome, Tuscany, Genoa, Paris, and Bordeaux to meet with European rulers in 1287–88.
The White Stupa of Dadu (or Khanbaliq; now Beijing).
A Yuan dynasty jade belt plaque featuring carved designs of the Azure Dragon, highly regarded as a symbol of Yuan China's maritime strength.
In Ilkhanate Persia, Ghazan converted to Islam and recognized Kublai Khan as his suzerain.
Chabi, Khatun of Kublai and Empress of the Mongol Empire
Longevity Hill in Beijing, where Kublai Khan wrote his poem.
Laborers transporting construction materials to Khanbaliq
Statue of Kublai Khan in Sükhbaatar Square, Ulaanbaatar. Together with Ögedei Khan's, and the much larger Genghis Khan's statues, it forms a statue complex dedicated to the Mongol Empire.
The Japanese samurai Suenaga facing Mongol arrows and bombs. Mōko Shūrai Ekotoba (蒙古襲来絵詞), circa 1293.

Kublai received the viceroyalty over northern China and moved his ordo to central Inner Mongolia.

This included China proper, Manchuria, Mongolia, and a special Zhendong branch Secretariat that extended into the Korean Peninsula.

Khalkha Mongols during the early Northern Yuan period.

Khalkha Mongols

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Khalkha Mongols during the early Northern Yuan period.
The Turco-Mongol residual states and domains by the 15th century
The Erdene Zuu Monastery was established in the 16th century by Abatai Sain Khan in the heartland of the Khalkha territory
"The Country of the Khalkha" (Pays des Kalkas) on a 1734 map by d'Anville, based on Jesuits' fieldwork ca. 1700
Tögs-Ochiryn Namnansüren of Khalkha, a leader of the National Liberation Movement of 1911
Former Queen Consort of Mongolia, Genepil

The Khalkha (Халх, ) is the largest subgroup of Mongol people in modern Mongolia since the 15th century.

Dayan Khan created Khalkha Tumen out of Mongols residing in the territory of present-day central Mongolia and northern part of Inner Mongolia.

Buryat language - Geographic distribution

Buryat language

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Variety of the Mongolic languages spoken by the Buryats and Bargas that is classified either as a language or major dialect group of Mongolian.

Variety of the Mongolic languages spoken by the Buryats and Bargas that is classified either as a language or major dialect group of Mongolian.

Buryat language - Geographic distribution

The majority of Buryat speakers live in Russia along the northern border of Mongolia where it is an official language in the Buryat Republic and was an official language in the former Ust-Orda Buryatia and Aga Buryatia autonomous okrugs.

There are at least 100,000 ethnic Buryats in Mongolia and Inner Mongolia, China, as well.

Flag Map of Mongolia with historical regions included

Pan-Mongolism

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Irredentist idea that advocates cultural and political solidarity of Mongols.

Irredentist idea that advocates cultural and political solidarity of Mongols.

Flag Map of Mongolia with historical regions included
Concentrations of ethnic Mongols (red) within the Mongol Empire (outlined in orange)
Regions commonly associated with Mongol irredentism.

The proposed territory, called "Greater Mongolia" (Даяар Монгол, Dayaar Mongol), Also known as (Хамаг Монгол):which means "Whole Mongolia" usually includes the independent state of Mongolia, the Chinese regions of Inner Mongolia and Dzungaria (in Xinjiang), and the Russian republic of Buryatia.

Mengjiang

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Demchugdongrub (left)
Foundation ceremony of Mengjiang's government
One-yuan banknote issued by the Bank of Mengjiang, 1940
A 1943 postage stamp of Mengjiang
Mengjiang shrine in Zhangjiakou, Hebei, in the 1950s
Inner Mongolia in 1911
A map of the Mengjiang United Autonomous Government
The Reformed Government's territory in central China from 1937 until 1940 when all three states, Mengjiang, the Provisional Government of the ROC (not to be confused with the 1912 government of the same name and flag) and the Reformed Government of the ROC, merged into the Reorganized National Government of the ROC.
alt=A lecture with a map of Mengjiang|A lecture held in Japan in 1940 discussing Inner Mongolia and Mengjiang, note the map in the background featuring the state
{{FIAV|historical}} Flag of the Mongol Military Government (1936–1937) and the Mongol United Autonomous Government (1937–1939)
{{FIAV|historical}} Flag of the South Chahar Autonomous Government (1937–1939)
{{FIAV|historical}} Flag of the North Shanxi Autonomous Government (1937–1939)

Mengjiang, also known as Mengkiang or the Mongol Border Land, and governed as the Mengjiang United Autonomous Government, was an autonomous area in Inner Mongolia, formed in 1939 as a puppet state of the Empire of Japan, then from 1940 being under the nominal sovereignty of the Reorganized National Government of the Republic of China (which was itself also a puppet state).

Following Japan's occupation of Manchuria in 1931 and the establishment of the puppet state of Manchukuo, Japan sought to expand its influence in Mongolia and North China.

Slab grave. Exhibit in Ethnography Museum of E. Baikal peoples. Relocated from Horin region of Buryatia

Slab-grave culture

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Archaeological culture of the Late Bronze Age and Early Iron Age Mongols.

Archaeological culture of the Late Bronze Age and Early Iron Age Mongols.

Slab grave. Exhibit in Ethnography Museum of E. Baikal peoples. Relocated from Horin region of Buryatia

Slab-grave cultural monuments are found in northern, central and eastern Mongolia, Inner Mongolia, Northwest China (Xinjiang region, Qilian Mountains etc.), Manchuria, Lesser Khingan, Buryatia, southern Irkutsk Oblast and southern and central Zabaykalsky Krai.