Italy and Related Topics

Kingdom of Italy

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Map of the Kingdom of Italy at its greatest extent in 1943

Italian unification between 1815 and 1870

Count Camillo Benso of Cavour, the first Prime Minister of the unified Italy

Victor Emmanuel II, the first King of the united Italy

Giuseppe Garibaldi, a major military leader during Italian unification

A factory machinery exposition in Turin, set in 1898, during the period of early industrialization, National Exhibition of Turin, 1898

Galleria Vittorio Emanuele II in Milano was an architectural work created by Giuseppe Mengoni between 1865 and 1877 and named after the first King of Italy, Victor Emmanuel II.

The Triple Alliance in 1913, shown in red

Francesco Crispi promoted the Italian colonialism in Africa in the late 19th century.

The Ain Zara oasis during the Italo-Turkish War: propaganda postcard made by the Italian Army

Italian mounted infantry in China during the Boxer Rebellion in 1900

Italian dirigibles bomb Turkish positions in Libya, as the Italo-Turkish War of 1911–1912 was the first in history in which air attacks (carried out here by dirigible airships) determined the outcome.

Giovanni Giolitti was Prime Minister of Italy five times between 1892 and 1921.

Italy and its colonial possessions at the time of the outbreak of World War I: the area between British Egypt and the firmly held Italian territories is the region of southern Cyrenaica which was under dispute of ownership between Italy and the United Kingdom.

Gabriele D'Annunzio, national poet (vate) of Italy and a prominent nationalist revolutionary who was a supporter of Italy joining action in World War I

Generalissimo Luigi Cadorna (the man to the left of two officers to whom he is speaking) while visiting British batteries during World War I

Italian propaganda poster depicting the Battle of the Piave River

Members of the Arditi corps in 1918. More than 650,000 Italian soldiers lost their lives on the battlefields of World War I.

Armando Diaz, Chief of Staff of the Italian Army since November 1917, halted the Austro-Hungarian advance along the Piave River and launched counter-offensives which led to a decisive victory on the Italian Front. He is celebrated as one of the greatest generals of World War I.

Italian propaganda dropped over Vienna by Gabriele D'Annunzio in 1918

Italian Prime Minister Vittorio Emanuele Orlando (2nd from left) at the World War I peace negotiations in Versailles with David Lloyd George, Georges Clemenceau and Woodrow Wilson (from left)

Residents of Fiume cheering D'Annunzio and his Legionari in September 1919, when Fiume had 22,488 (62% of the population) Italians in a total population of 35,839 inhabitants

Benito Mussolini (second from left) and his Fascist Blackshirts in 1920

Mussolini was initially a highly popular leader in Italy until Italy's military failures in World War II.

Haile Selassie's resistance to the Italian invasion of Ethiopia made him Man of the Year in 1935 by Time.

The Italian Empire (red) before World War II. Pink areas were annexed/occupied for various periods between 1940 and 1943 (the Tientsin concession in China is not shown).

Erwin Rommel meeting Italian General Italo Gariboldi in Tripoli, February 1941

The Italian Army in Russia fought on the Eastern Front.

Territory of the Italian Social Republic and the South Kingdom

Three men executed by public hanging in a street of Rimini, 1944

Rebels celebrating the liberation of Naples, after the Four days of Naples (27–30 September 1943)

Members of the Italian resistance in Ossola, 1944

The Kingdom of Italy (Regno d'Italia) was a state that existed from 1861—when King Victor Emmanuel II of Sardinia was proclaimed King of Italy—until 1946, when civil discontent led an institutional referendum to abandon the monarchy and form the modern Italian Republic.

Sicily

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Megaliths of Argimusco, Montalbano Elicona.

Ruins of the ancient Phoenician city of Motya

Clockwise from top: temples of Concordia and Hera Lacinia in Agrigento, the temple of Segesta, and the Temple E in Selinunte.

The Sicilian province within the Roman Empire

Arabesque on a wall in the Cuba Palace in Palermo

Trilingual sign in Palermo in Italian, Hebrew and Arabic

Roger I conqueror and first count of Sicily, depicted on a Trifollaris

Private Roy W. Humphrey of Toledo, Ohio is being given blood plasma after he was wounded by shrapnel in Sicily on 9 August 1943.

A sample of Marsala, a DOC wine produced in the city of Marsala

The A20 Messina-Palermo motorway near Torregrotta

Two trains inside Punta Raisi railway station within Palermo International Airport

One of the mosaics in Villa Romana del Casale

Castle of the Counts of Modica (Alcamo) in Alcamo

Palazzo Beneventano del Bosco, Syracuse, Sicilian Baroque

Department of Engineering, University of Messina

Cannoli, a popular pastry associated with Sicilian cuisine

Arancini, rice balls fried in breadcrumbs

Giuseppe Gibilisco, pole vaulter from Syracuse, 2003 World Champion and bronze Olympic medalist

Sicilian arrotino at a living nativity scene wearing traditional Sicilian clothing

The "Misteri", a Religious festival in Trapani

The marionettes used in the Opera dei Pupi

Triskelion painted on Ancient Greek vase, Agrigento

Mount Etna rising over suburbs of Catania

Torre Cabrera (Marina di Ragusa) (Marina di Ragusa)

Sicily (Sicilia ; Sicilia ) is the largest island in the Mediterranean Sea and one of the 20 regions of Italy.

Rome

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Roman representation of the god Tiber, Capitoline Hill in Rome

Capitoline Wolf, a sculpture of the mythical she-wolf suckling the infant twins Romulus and Remus

The Ancient-Imperial-Roman palaces of the Palatine, a series of palaces located in the Palatine Hill, express power and wealth of emperors from Augustus until the 4th century.

The Imperial fora belong to a series of monumental fora (public squares) constructed in Rome by the emperors. Also seen in the image is Trajan's Market.

The Roman Empire at its greatest extent in 117 AD, approximately 6.5 e6km2 of land surface.

The Roman Forum are the remains of those buildings that during most of Ancient Rome's time represented the political, legal, religious and economic centre of the city and the neuralgic centre of all the Roman civilisation.

Trajan's Column, triumphal column and place where the relics of Emperor Trajan are placed.

The Pyramid of Cestius and the Aurelian Walls

15th-century illustration depicting the Sack of Rome (410) by the Visigothic king Alaric I

Detail view on an illustration by Raphael portraying the crowning of Charlemagne in Old Saint Peter's Basilica, on 25 December 800

Almost 500 years old, this map of Rome by Mario Cartaro (from 1575) shows the city's primary monuments.

Castel Sant'Angelo or Hadrian's Mausoleum, is a Roman monument radically altered in the Middle Ages and the Renaissance built in 134 AD and crowned with 16th and 17th-century statues.

Fontana della Barcaccia by Gian Lorenzo Bernini in 1629

A View of the Piazza Navona, Rome, Hendrik Frans van Lint, c. 1730

Bombardment of Rome by Allied planes, 1943

The Palazzo del Quirinale, now seat of the President of the Italian Republic

Aerial view of part of Rome's Centro Storico

Archbasilica of Saint John Lateran, Rome's Cathedral, built in 324, and partly rebuilt between 1660 and 1734

Basilica di Santa Maria Maggiore, one of the four papal major basilicas and has numerous architectural styles, built between the 4th century and 1743

St. Peter's Basilica at night from Via della Conciliazione in Rome

The Pantheon, built as a temple dedicated to "all the gods of the past, present and future"

The Colosseum is still today the largest amphitheater in the world. It was used for gladiator shows and other public events (hunting shows, recreations of famous battles and dramas based on classical mythology).

The Palazzo della Civiltà Italiana in EUR district

The Temple of Aesculapius, in the Villa Borghese gardens

The Trevi Fountain. Construction began during the time of Ancient Rome and was completed in 1762 by a design of Nicola Salvi.

Fontana dei Fiumi by Gian Lorenzo Bernini, 1648

The Vatican Caves, the place where many popes are buried

Rome chamber of commerce in the ancient Temple of Hadrian

The Sapienza University of Rome, founded in 1303

The Teatro dell'Opera di Roma at the Piazza Beniamino Gigli

The Vatican Museums are the 3rd most visited art museum in the world.

Spaghetti alla carbonara, a typical Roman dish

Concia di zucchine, an example of Roman-Jewish cuisine

Sepulchral inscription for Tiberius Claudius Tiberinus, a Plebeian and professional declaimer of poetry. 1st century AD, Museo Nazionale Romano

Stadio Olimpico, home of A.S. Roma and S.S. Lazio, is one of the largest in Europe, with a capacity of over 70,000.

Rome–Fiumicino Airport was the tenth busiest airport in Europe in 2016.

Roma Metrorail and Underground map, 2016

Sculpture dedicated to Rome in the Square Samuel-Paty in Paris

Column dedicated to Paris in 1956 near the Baths of Diocletian

Rome (Italian and Latin: Roma ) is the capital city of Italy.

Unification of Italy

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The 19th-century political and social movement that resulted in the consolidation of different states of the Italian Peninsula into a single state in 1861, the Kingdom of Italy.

Flag of the Cispadane Republic, which was the first Italian tricolour adopted by a sovereign Italian state (1797)

Giuseppe Mazzini, highly influential leader of the Italian revolutionary movement

Animated map of the Italian unification from 1829 to 1871

The first meeting between Garibaldi and Mazzini at the headquarters of Young Italy in 1833.

The Arrest of Silvio Pellico and Piero Maroncelli, Saluzzo, civic museum

Ciro Menotti and his compatriots clashed with the army

Holographic copy of 1847 of Il Canto degli Italiani, the Italian national anthem since 1946

Daniele Manin and Niccolò Tommaseo after the proclamation of the Republic of San Marco

Garibaldi and Cavour making Italy in a satirical cartoon of 1861

Giuseppe Garibaldi, celebrated as one of the greatest generals of modern times and as the "Hero of the Two Worlds", who commanded and fought in many military campaigns that led to unification of Italy

People cheering as Garibaldi enters Naples

Victor Emmanuel meets Garibaldi near Teano

The Injured Garibaldi in the Aspromonte Mountains (oil on canvas), credited to Gerolamo Induno

The Quirinal Palace in Rome became the head of state of Italy's official residence (royal residence of the Kings of Italy and after the Italian constitutional referendum, 1946 residence and workplace for the Presidents of the Italian Republic)

The Victor Emmanuel II Monument in Rome, inaugurated in 1911 on the occasion of the 50th anniversary of the unification of Italy.

Mourning Italia turrita on the tomb to Vittorio Alfieri by Antonio Canova

Portrait of Alessandro Manzoni (1841) by Francesco Hayez

Portrait of Francesco De Sanctis (1890) by Francesco Saverio Altamura

Verdi's bust outside the Teatro Massimo in Palermo

Patriots scrawling "Viva VERDI" on walls

The final scene of the opera Risorgimento! (2011) by Lorenzo Ferrero

Italy in 1860: orange Kingdom of Sardinia, blue Kingdom of Lombardy–Venetia (Austrian Empire), pink United Provinces of Central Italy, red Papal States, pale green Kingdom of Two Sicilies.

Italy in 1861: orange Kingdom of Italy, blue Kingdom of Lombardy–Venetia (Austrian Empire), red Papal States.

Kingdom of Italy in 1870, showing the Papal States, before the Capture of Rome.

Italy was unified by the Roman Republic in the latter part of the third century BC. For 700 years, it was a de facto territorial extension of the capital of the Roman Republic and Empire, and for a long time experienced a privileged status but was not converted into a province.

Mediterranean Sea

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Sea connected to the Atlantic Ocean, surrounded by the Mediterranean Basin and almost completely enclosed by land: on the north by Western and Southern Europe and Anatolia, on the south by North Africa, and on the east by the Levant.

Greek (red) and Phoenician (yellow) colonies in antiquity c. the 6th century BC

The Roman Empire at its farthest extent in AD 117

The Battle of Lepanto, 1571, ended in victory for the European Holy League against the Ottoman Turks.

The bombardment of Algiers by the Anglo-Dutch fleet in support of an ultimatum to release European slaves, August 1816

Approximate extent of the Mediterranean drainage basin (dark green). Nile basin only partially shown

Map of the Mediterranean Sea from open Natural Earth data, 2020

Alexandria, the largest city on the Mediterranean

Barcelona, the second largest metropolitan area on the Mediterranean Sea (after Alexandria) and the headquarters of the Union for the Mediterranean

The Acropolis of Athens with the Mediterranean Sea in the background

The ancient port of Jaffa (now in Tel Aviv-Yafo), from which the biblical Jonah set sail before being swallowed by a whale

Catania, Sicily, Italy, with Mount Etna in the background

İzmir, the third metropolis of Turkey (after Istanbul and Ankara)

Africa (left, on horizon) and Europe (right), as seen from Gibraltar

View of the Saint George Bay, and snow-capped Mount Sannine from a tower in the Beirut Central District

The Port of Marseille seen from L'Estaque

Sarandë, Albania, stands on an open-sea gulf of the Ionian sea in the central Mediterranean.

The two biggest islands of the Mediterranean: Sicily and Sardinia (Italy)

A submarine karst spring, called vrulja, near Omiš; observed through several ripplings of an otherwise calm sea surface.

Messinian salinity crisis before the Zanclean flood

The thermonuclear bomb that fell into the sea recovered off Palomares, Almería, 1966

The reticulate whipray is one of the species that colonised the Eastern Mediterranean through the Suez Canal as part of the ongoing Lessepsian migration.

A cargo ship cruises towards the Strait of Messina

Kemer Beach in Antalya on the Turkish Riviera (Turquoise Coast). In 2019, Turkey ranked sixth in the world in terms of the number of international tourist arrivals, with 51.2 million foreign tourists visiting the country.

Coast of Alexandria, view From Bibliotheca Alexandrina, Egypt

The beach of la Courtade in the Îles d'Hyères, France

A view of Raouché off the coast of Beirut, Lebanon

Sunset at the Deir al-Balah beach, Gaza Strip

The countries surrounding the Mediterranean in clockwise order are Spain, France, Monaco, Italy, Slovenia, Croatia, Bosnia and Herzegovina, Montenegro, Albania, Greece, Turkey, Syria, Lebanon, Israel, Palestine, Egypt, Libya, Tunisia, Algeria, and Morocco; Malta and Cyprus are island countries in the sea.

Expansion of the territory called "Italy" from ancient Greece until Diocletian.

Italians

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Etruscan Civilization fresco from the François Tomb, late fourth century BC

The Colosseum in Rome, built in the 1st century.

Laura Bassi, the first chairwoman of a university in a scientific field of studies

A young Italian exile on the run carries, along with her personal effects, a flag of Italy, during the Istrian-Dalmatian exodus

The Pantheon and the Fontana del Pantheon. Roman relics and Roman culture are important national symbols in Italy.

Italian women dance the tarantella, 1846

Niccolò Machiavelli, the founder of modern political science and ethics.

Bartolomeo Cristofori, the inventor of the piano

Federico Fellini, recognized as one of the greatest and most influential filmmakers of all time.

Gianluigi Buffon, the highest-priced goalkeeper and the most capped player for the Italian national team

Principal component analysis of the Italian population with other populations.

Fresco of dancing Peucetian women in the Tomb of the Dancers in Ruvo di Puglia, 4th–5th century BC

Ethnolinguistic map of Italy in the Iron Age.

Duel of Lucanian warriors, fresco from a tomb of the 4th century BC.

Map of Roman coloniae during the second century in Italy

Lombard (Northern Italian) colonies of Sicily: in light blue: the cities where Gallo-Italic language is spoken today.
In dark blue: the cities where there is a good influence of the Gallo-Italic language.
In purple: ancient Gallo-Italic colonies, the influence in these cities is variable, also some districts of Messina were colonized.

Italian ethnic regions claimed in the 1930s by the Italian irredentism: Green: Nice, Ticino and Dalmatia; Red: Malta; Violet: Corsica. Savoy and Corfu were later claimed.

Scipio Africanus, Roman general best known for having defeated Hannibal in Africa, a victory that earned him the surname Africanus.

Cicero, Roman orator and lawyer who served as consul and exposed the Second Catilinarian conspiracy. One of the greatest Latin philosophers along with Lucretius and Seneca.

Julius Caesar, member of the Populares, nephew of Gaius Marius, politician, writer, general, and Dictator, introduced the Julian Calendar. First of the Twelve Caesars.

Augustus, first Roman Emperor. The golden age of Rome, known as Pax Romana due to the relative peace established in the Mediterranean world, began with his reign.

Virgil, author of three of the most famous poems in Latin literature: the Eclogues (or Bucolics), the Georgics, and the epic Aeneid.

Ovid, author of the Metamorphoses and one of three main Augustan poets along with Virgil and Horace.

Marco Polo, Italian merchant traveler who introduced Europeans to Central Asia and China

Christopher Columbus, early European explorer of the New World.

Amerigo Vespucci, geographer and traveler from whose name the word America is derived.

Giosuè Carducci, first Italian to receive the Nobel Prize in Literature

Leonardo da Vinci, a polymath of the High Renaissance who was active as a painter, draughtsman, engineer, scientist, theorist, sculptor, and architect.<ref>{{cite encyclopedia |last=Kemp |first=Martin |author-link=Martin Kemp (art historian) |year=2003 |title=Leonardo da Vinci |encyclopedia=Grove Art Online |publisher=Oxford University Press |location=Oxford |doi=10.1093/gao/9781884446054.article.T050401 |isbn=978-1-884446-05-4 |url-access=subscription |url=https://www.oxfordartonline.com/groveart/view/10.1093/gao/9781884446054.001.0001/oao-9781884446054-e-7000050401 }} {{Grove Art subscription}}</ref>

Galileo Galilei, the father of science and modern physics, one of the key figures in astronomy, pioneered the thermometer and made significant works in other fields of science.

Elena Cornaro Piscopia, the first woman to obtain a doctoral degree.

Evangelista Torricelli, the inventor of barometer, made various advances in optics and work on the method of indivisibles.

Alessandro Volta, the inventor of the electrical battery and discover of methane, did substantial work with electric currents.

Eugenio Barsanti, inventor, along with Felice Matteucci, of the first version of the internal combustion engine using gases.

Antonio Meucci, who was for a long time involved in a struggle with Alexander Graham Bell over the invention of the telephone, but was later recognised as "the winner".

Guglielmo Marconi, inventor of the radio and the father of the wireless communication. <ref name=NPbio>"Guglielmo Marconi: The Nobel Prize in Physics 1909". nobelprize.org</ref>

Enrico Fermi, builder of the first nuclear reactor.

Federico Faggin, the designer of the first commercial microprocessor, the Intel 4004.

Italians (italiani ) are the citizens and nationals of Italy, as well as a predominantly Romance-speaking people native to the Italian geographical region and its neighboring insular territories.

Sardinia

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Second-largest island in the Mediterranean Sea, after Sicily, and one of the 20 regions of Italy.

Strait of Bonifacio. The southern coast of Corsica can be seen from Santa Teresa Gallura

View of Gennargentu, the highest massif of Sardinia

A proportionate graph of Sardinian topography: 13.6% of the island is mountainous, 18.5% is flat, and 67.9% is hilly.

Lake Omodeo, the largest reservoir in Sardinia and in Italy

The prehistoric megalithic temple of Monte d'Accoddi.

Monte Corru Tundu Menhir in Villa Sant'Antonio (5.75 meters high)

Head of one of the so-called Giants of Mont'e Prama

The Phoenician and subsequently Roman town of Tharros.

Carthage and its dependencies in 264 BC; A region of Sardinia was a part of Carthage

Roman thermae of Forum Traiani, in what is now Fordongianus.

A Vandal-period coin found in Sardinia depicting Godas. Latin legend : REX CVDA.

The medieval Basilica of San Gavino in Porto Torres

12th century frescoes in the Basilica di Saccargia in Codrongianos

The proclamation of the Republic of Sassari. The Sassarese republic lasted from 1272 until 1323, when it sided with the new born Kingdom of Sardinia.

Statue of the Juighissa Eleanor of Arborea in Oristano.

Flag of the Kingdom of Sardinia (center) at the funeral of Charles I of Spain

Spanish era coastal tower in Stintino called Torre della Pelosa

Sardinians wearing traditional ethnic garments, 1880s.

Effect of Allied bombing on Cagliari during the Second World War.

Super Yachts anchored at Porto Cervo port, Costa Smeralda

Main Building of the University of Sassari (which started the university courses in 1562)

Economic classification of European regions according to Eurostat

Percentage distribution of employees in different economic sectors in Sardinia: 8.7% the primary sector (fishing, agriculture, farming), 23.5% the secondary sector (industry, machinery, manufacturing), and 67.8% the tertiary sector (tourism, services, finance)

Peeled trunks of cork oaks in Tempio Pausania

Petrochemical and Green Chemical industries in Porto Torres

Yachts in Porto Cervo. Luxury tourism represents an important source of income in Sardinia since the 1960s.

Cable-stayed bridge of the Monserrato University Campus interchange SS 554

A bus of Sardinia public transport authorities (Arst) in Sassari

ATR 365 owned by the Autonomous Region of Sardinia in Cagliari

Tourist railway between Aritzo and Belvì

Change in population for each comune of Sardinia between 1861 and 2011

Cagliari, Alghero, Sassari, Nuoro, Oristano, Olbia

US Artillery Live Fire Exercise in Capo Teulada 2015 during NATO exercise Trident Juncture

Santa Cristina holy well of Paulilatino, tholos

Gothic portal of the Cathedral of Alghero

Interior of San Pietro di Sorres, Borutta (SS)

Archangel Michael by the Master of Castelsardo

La madre dell'ucciso (the mother of the killed) by Francesco Ciusa (1907)

A 'no smoking' sign in both Sardinian and Italian

A bilingual road sign in Italian and Sardinian at Pozzomaggiore

Cheeses and sausages in Alghero's city market

A range of different cakes, pastries, meals, dishes and sweets which are common elements of Sardinian cuisine

The Sardinian feral cat, long considered a subspecies of the African wildcat, are descended from domesticated cats

Sulcis Regional Park, the largest Mediterranean evergreen forest in Europe

This Iberian kingdom endured until 1718, when it was ceded to the Alpine House of Savoy; the Savoyards would politically merge their insular possession with their domains on the Italian Mainland which, during the period of Italian unification, they would go on to expand to include the whole Italian peninsula; their territory was so renamed into the Kingdom of Italy in 1861, and it was reconstituted as the present-day Italian Republic in 1946.