A report on Kingdom of Italy, Northern Italy, Italy and Veneto

Map of the Kingdom of Italy at its greatest extent in 1943

Ancient peoples of Northern Italy, with Celtic peoples shown in blue.

Expansion of the territory called "Italy" from ancient Greece until Diocletian

Venice, the primary tourist destination and the capital of Veneto

Migration of the Lombards towards Northern Italy

The Iron Crown of Lombardy, for centuries a symbol of the Kings of Italy

Italian unification between 1815 and 1870

Member cities of the first and second Lombard League.

Marco Polo, explorer of the 13th century, recorded his 24 years-long travels in the Book of the Marvels of the World, introducing Europeans to Central Asia and China.

Count Camillo Benso of Cavour, the first Prime Minister of the unified Italy

The Italian states before the beginning of the Italian Wars in 1494

Victor Emmanuel II, the first King of the united Italy

Leonardo da Vinci, the quintessential Renaissance man, in a self-portrait (ca. 1512, Royal Library, Turin)

Giuseppe Garibaldi, a major military leader during Italian unification

Anti-Fascist Partisans in the streets of Bologna after the general insurrection of April 1945

Christopher Columbus leads an expedition to the New World, 1492. His voyages are celebrated as the discovery of the Americas from a European perspective, and they opened a new era in the history of humankind and sustained contact between the two worlds.

A factory machinery exposition in Turin, set in 1898, during the period of early industrialization, National Exhibition of Turin, 1898

The Alps in Val Maira, Province of Cuneo

Flag of the Cispadane Republic, which was the first Italian tricolour adopted by a sovereign Italian state (1797)

Farming landscape in the Po Plain at Sant'Agata Bolognese

Holographic copy of 1847 of Il Canto degli Italiani, the Italian national anthem since 1946

The Tetrarchs were the four co-rulers who governed the Roman Empire as long as Diocletian's reform lasted. Here they are portrayed embracing, in a posture of harmony, in a porphyry sculpture dating from the 4th century, produced in Anatolia, located today on a corner of St Mark's Basilica in Venice.

Galleria Vittorio Emanuele II in Milano was an architectural work created by Giuseppe Mengoni between 1865 and 1877 and named after the first King of Italy, Victor Emmanuel II.

Alpine lakes like Lake Garda are characterised by warmer microclimates than the surrounding areas

Animated map of the Italian unification from 1829 to 1871

The Horses of Saint Mark, brought as loot from Constantinople in 1204.

The Triple Alliance in 1913, shown in red

Fog on the Secchia River near Modena. Fog is a common occurrence in the Po Plain

The Victor Emmanuel II Monument in Rome, a national symbol of Italy celebrating the first king of the unified country, and resting place of the Italian Unknown Soldier since the end of World War I. It was inaugurated in 1911, on the occasion of the 50th Anniversary of the Unification of Italy.

An 18th-century view of Venice by Canaletto.

Languages and regional varieties in Italy

The fascist dictator Benito Mussolini titled himself Duce and ruled the country from 1922 to 1943.

The 13th-century Castel Brando in Cison di Valmarino, Treviso.

Francesco Crispi promoted the Italian colonialism in Africa in the late 19th century.

Areas controlled by the Italian Empire at its peak

The Ain Zara oasis during the Italo-Turkish War: propaganda postcard made by the Italian Army

Italian partisans in Milan during the Italian Civil War, April 1945

St Mark's Basilica, the seat of the Patriarch of Venice.

Italian mounted infantry in China during the Boxer Rebellion in 1900

Alcide De Gasperi, first republican Prime Minister of Italy and one of the Founding Fathers of the European Union

Italian dirigibles bomb Turkish positions in Libya, as the Italo-Turkish War of 1911–1912 was the first in history in which air attacks (carried out here by dirigible airships) determined the outcome.

The signing ceremony of the Treaty of Rome on 25 March 1957, creating the European Economic Community, forerunner of the present-day European Union

Giovanni Giolitti was Prime Minister of Italy five times between 1892 and 1921.

Funerals of the victims of the Bologna bombing of 2 August 1980, the deadliest attack ever perpetrated in Italy during the Years of Lead

Italy and its colonial possessions at the time of the outbreak of World War I: the area between British Egypt and the firmly held Italian territories is the region of southern Cyrenaica which was under dispute of ownership between Italy and the United Kingdom.

Italian government task force to face the COVID-19 emergency

The Prato della Valle in Padua, a work of Italian Renaissance architecture.

Gabriele D'Annunzio, national poet (vate) of Italy and a prominent nationalist revolutionary who was a supporter of Italy joining action in World War I

Generalissimo Luigi Cadorna (the man to the left of two officers to whom he is speaking) while visiting British batteries during World War I

Dolphins in the Tyrrhenian Sea off the Aeolian Islands

Antonio Canova's Psyche Revived by Love's Kiss.

Italian propaganda poster depicting the Battle of the Piave River

The Church of Santa Maria della Salute in Venice

Members of the Arditi corps in 1918. More than 650,000 Italian soldiers lost their lives on the battlefields of World War I.

Gran Paradiso, established in 1922, is the oldest Italian national park.

Armando Diaz, Chief of Staff of the Italian Army since November 1917, halted the Austro-Hungarian advance along the Piave River and launched counter-offensives which led to a decisive victory on the Italian Front. He is celebrated as one of the greatest generals of World War I.

The Italian wolf, the national animal of Italy

Italian propaganda dropped over Vienna by Gabriele D'Annunzio in 1918

Köppen-Geiger climate classification map of Italy

Italian Prime Minister Vittorio Emanuele Orlando (2nd from left) at the World War I peace negotiations in Versailles with David Lloyd George, Georges Clemenceau and Woodrow Wilson (from left)

The Chamber of Deputies is the lower house of Italy.

Residents of Fiume cheering D'Annunzio and his Legionari in September 1919, when Fiume had 22,488 (62% of the population) Italians in a total population of 35,839 inhabitants

Benito Mussolini (second from left) and his Fascist Blackshirts in 1920

An Alfa Romeo 159 vehicle of the Carabinieri corps

Mussolini was initially a highly popular leader in Italy until Italy's military failures in World War II.

Group photo of the G7 leaders at the 43rd G7 summit in Taormina

Haile Selassie's resistance to the Italian invasion of Ethiopia made him Man of the Year in 1935 by Time.

Heraldic coat of arms of the Italian Armed Forces

The Italian Empire (red) before World War II. Pink areas were annexed/occupied for various periods between 1940 and 1943 (the Tientsin concession in China is not shown).

A proportional representation of Italy exports, 2019

Milan is the economic capital of Italy, and is a global financial centre and a fashion capital of the world.

Erwin Rommel meeting Italian General Italo Gariboldi in Tripoli, February 1941

The Italian Army in Russia fought on the Eastern Front.

The Autostrada dei Laghi ("Lakes Motorway"), the first motorway built in the world

FS' Frecciarossa 1000 high speed train, with a maximum speed of 400 km/h

Territory of the Italian Social Republic and the South Kingdom

Trieste, the main port of the northern Adriatic and starting point of the Transalpine Pipeline

Three men executed by public hanging in a street of Rimini, 1944

ENI is considered one of the world's oil and gas "Supermajors".

Rebels celebrating the liberation of Naples, after the Four days of Naples (27–30 September 1943)

Solar panels in Piombino. Italy is one of the world's largest producers of renewable energy.

Members of the Italian resistance in Ossola, 1944

Galileo Galilei, the father of modern science, physics and astronomy

A trait that shows the structure of the Calà del Sasso

Enrico Fermi, creator of the world's first first nuclear reactor

The Amalfi Coast is one of Italy's major tourist destinations.

Map of Italy's population density at the 2011 census

Italy is home to a large population of migrants from Eastern Europe and North Africa.

Linguistic map showing the languages spoken in Italy

Vatican City, the Holy See's sovereign territory

Bologna University, established in AD 1088, is the world's oldest academic institution.

Olive oil and vegetables are central to the Mediterranean diet.

The Last Supper (1494–1499), Leonardo da Vinci, Church of Santa Maria delle Grazie, Milan

Michelangelo's David (1501–1504), Galleria dell'Accademia, Florence

The Birth of Venus (1484–1486), Sandro Botticelli, Uffizi Gallery, Florence

Dante shown holding a copy of the Divine Comedy, next to the entrance to Hell, the mount of Purgatory and the city of Florence, with the spheres of Heaven above, in Michelino's fresco, 1465

Niccolò Machiavelli, founder of modern political science and ethics

Pinocchio is one of the world's most translated books and a canonical piece of children's literature.

Clockwise from top left: Thomas Aquinas, proponent of natural theology and the Father of Thomism; Giordano Bruno, one of the major scientific figures of the Western world; Cesare Beccaria, considered the Father of criminal justice and modern criminal law; and Maria Montessori, credited with the creation of the Montessori education

Statues of Pantalone and Harlequin, two stock characters from the Commedia dell'arte, in the Museo Teatrale alla Scala

Dario Fo, one of the most widely performed playwrights in modern theatre, received international acclaim for his highly improvisational style.

Giacomo Puccini, Italian composer whose operas, including La bohème, Tosca, Madama Butterfly and Turandot, are among the most frequently worldwide performed in the standard repertoire

Luciano Pavarotti, considered one of the finest tenors of the 20th century and the "King of the High Cs"

Giorgio Moroder, pioneer of Italo disco and electronic dance music, is known as the "Father of disco".

The Azzurri in 2012. Football is the most popular sport in Italy.

Starting in 1909, the Giro d'Italia is the Grands Tours' second oldest.

A Ferrari SF21 by Scuderia Ferrari, the most successful Formula One team

Prada shop at Galleria Vittorio Emanuele II in Milan

The traditional recipe for spaghetti with tomato and basil sauce

The Frecce Tricolori, with the smoke trails representing the national colours of Italy, during the celebrations of the Festa della Repubblica

The Venice Film Festival is the oldest film festival in the world.

The Kingdom of Italy (Regno d'Italia) was a state that existed from 1861—when King Victor Emmanuel II of Sardinia was proclaimed King of Italy—until 1946, when civil discontent led an institutional referendum to abandon the monarchy and form the modern Italian Republic.

- Kingdom of Italy

Northern Italy (Italia settentrionale, Nord Italia, Alta Italia or just Nord) is a geographical and cultural region in the northern part of Italy.

- Northern Italy

Non-administrative, it consists of eight administrative Regions in northern Italy: Aosta Valley, Piedmont, Liguria, Lombardy, Emilia-Romagna, Veneto, Friuli-Venezia Giulia and Trentino-Alto Adige.

- Northern Italy

Its population is about five million, ranking fourth in Italy.

- Veneto

Italy declared war on Austria in alliance with Prussia in 1866 and received the region of Veneto following their victory.

- Kingdom of Italy

After the Napoleonic Wars and the Congress of Vienna, the Republic was combined with Lombardy and annexed to the Austrian Empire as the Kingdom of Lombardy–Venetia, until that was merged with the Kingdom of Italy in 1866, as a result of the Third Italian War of Independence.

- Veneto

In addition to the various ancient peoples dispersed throughout what is now modern-day Italy, the most predominant being the Indo-European Italic peoples who gave the peninsula its name, beginning from the classical era, Phoenicians and Carthaginians founded colonies mostly in insular Italy, Greeks established settlements in the so-called Magna Graecia of Southern Italy, while Etruscans and Celts inhabited central and northern Italy respectively.

- Italy

After centuries of foreign domination and political division, Italy was almost entirely unified in 1861 following a war of independence, establishing the Kingdom of Italy.

- Italy

After defeating the Austrians in 1859 and annexing Northern Italy the new state proceeded to launch a campaign to conquer Southern and Central Italy and Turin briefly became the capital of the almost whole of Italy.

- Northern Italy

He led the Italian republican drive for unification in Southern Italy, but the Northern Italian monarchy of the House of Savoy in the Kingdom of Sardinia, a state with an important Italian population, whose government was led by Camillo Benso, Count of Cavour, also had ambitions of establishing a united Italian state.

- Kingdom of Italy

In 1167 an alliance (called the Lombard League) was formed among the Venetian cities such as Padua, Treviso, Vicenza, and Verona with other cities of Northern Italy to assert their rights against the Holy Roman Emperor.

- Veneto

In 1866, Victor Emmanuel II allied with Prussia during the Austro-Prussian War, waging the Third Italian War of Independence which allowed Italy to annexe Venetia.

- Italy

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Unification of Italy

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Giuseppe Mazzini, highly influential leader of the Italian revolutionary movement

The first meeting between Garibaldi and Mazzini at the headquarters of Young Italy in 1833.

The Arrest of Silvio Pellico and Piero Maroncelli, Saluzzo, civic museum

Ciro Menotti and his compatriots clashed with the army

Daniele Manin and Niccolò Tommaseo after the proclamation of the Republic of San Marco

Garibaldi and Cavour making Italy in a satirical cartoon of 1861

Giuseppe Garibaldi, celebrated as one of the greatest generals of modern times and as the "Hero of the Two Worlds", who commanded and fought in many military campaigns that led to unification of Italy

People cheering as Garibaldi enters Naples

Victor Emmanuel meets Garibaldi near Teano

The Injured Garibaldi in the Aspromonte Mountains (oil on canvas), credited to Gerolamo Induno

The Quirinal Palace in Rome became the head of state of Italy's official residence (royal residence of the Kings of Italy and after the Italian constitutional referendum, 1946 residence and workplace for the Presidents of the Italian Republic)

The Victor Emmanuel II Monument in Rome, inaugurated in 1911 on the occasion of the 50th anniversary of the unification of Italy.

Mourning Italia turrita on the tomb to Vittorio Alfieri by Antonio Canova

Portrait of Alessandro Manzoni (1841) by Francesco Hayez

Portrait of Francesco De Sanctis (1890) by Francesco Saverio Altamura

Verdi's bust outside the Teatro Massimo in Palermo

Patriots scrawling "Viva VERDI" on walls

The final scene of the opera Risorgimento! (2011) by Lorenzo Ferrero

Italy in 1860: orange Kingdom of Sardinia, blue Kingdom of Lombardy–Venetia (Austrian Empire), pink United Provinces of Central Italy, red Papal States, pale green Kingdom of Two Sicilies.

Italy in 1861: orange Kingdom of Italy, blue Kingdom of Lombardy–Venetia (Austrian Empire), red Papal States.

Kingdom of Italy in 1870, showing the Papal States, before the Capture of Rome.

The unification of Italy (Unità d'Italia ), also known as the Risorgimento, was the 19th-century political and social movement that resulted in the consolidation of different states of the Italian Peninsula into a single state in 1861, the Kingdom of Italy.

Italy was unified by the Roman Republic in the latter part of the third century BC. For 700 years, it was a de facto territorial extension of the capital of the Roman Republic and Empire, and for a long time experienced a privileged status but was not converted into a province.

The Duke of Modena, Francis IV, was an ambitious noble, and he hoped to become king of Northern Italy by increasing his territory.

The fall of Gaeta brought the unification movement to the brink of fruition—only Rome and Venetia remained to be added.